Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following terms is NOT a correct radiographic positioning term used in the United States?

  • Lateral
  • View (correct)
  • Position
  • Projection

    • The term "Projection" refers to the general physical position of the patient.

    False

    The midcoronal plane divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts.

    True

    The term "Axial" refers to:

    <p>A specified angle of the CR along the long axis of the body or body part, 10° or more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five general functions involved in a radiographic examination?

    <ol> <li>Positioning of body part and alignment with the IR and CR.</li> <li>Application of radiation protection measures and devices.</li> <li>Selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique).</li> <li>Instructions to the patient related to respiration (breathing)</li> <li>Processing of the IR (film-based [chemical processing] or computed radiography image receptor [digital processing] systems)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the anatomical position?

    <p>The anatomical position is an upright position with arms abducted slightly, hands by side with palms forward, and head and feet together and directed straight ahead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a joint is flexed, what happens to the angle between the parts?

    <p>The angle between the parts decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "deviation" refer to?

    <p>To turn aside or to turn away from the standard or course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the term for the outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint?

    <p>Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "cephalad" mean?

    <p>toward the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a "projection" in radiography?

    <p>Projection refers to the direction or path of the Central Ray (CR) as it passes through the patient, projecting an image onto an image receptor (IR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about the "Anode Heel Effect"?

    <p>The intensity of radiation emitted from the cathode end of the x-ray tube is greater than that emitted at the anode end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the supine position for a chest x-ray, where should the technologist place the top edge of the gonadal shield?

    <p>The technologist should place the top edge of the gonadal shield at the pubic symphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used landmark for locating T7 on an AP chest?

    <p>The jugular notch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for a chest x-ray to be repeated?

    <p>Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to reduce the chance of the heart appearing magnified on a chest x-ray?

    <p>The radiograph should be taken in a PA position, with the patient facing the image receptor, at a 72&quot; SID.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between “inspiration” and “expiration” for a chest x-ray?

    <p>Inspiration refers to the act of breathing in, while expiration refers to the act of breathing out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a “breathing technique” in chest radiography?

    <p>To blur the appearance of lung markings overlying the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning rule for a true lateral chest x-ray?

    <p>Ensure the patient’s shoulders and pelvis are directly superimposed and perpendicular to the IR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important patient safety factor to keep in mind when working with geriatric patients?

    <p>The technologist should assist geriatric patients with getting onto and off the radiographic table, changing positions, and sitting down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a “breathing technique” when taking a lateral thoracic spine x-ray?

    <p>It blurs the appearance of lung markings that overlay the thoracic vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "Lordosis" refers to an abnormal increase in convexity of the lumbar spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an important factor to consider when taking cervical oblique radiographs for trauma?

    <p>Be sure to move the head/neck to help improve image quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended to avoid causing additional scatter radiation to the image receptor during a lateral cervical spine radiograph?

    <p>Use a lead blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a good practice to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a condition that commonly affects men from ages 20 to 40?

    <p>Ankylosing spondylitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the specific fracture that involves a break in the pedicles of C2?

    <p>Hangman's fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking a PA axial projection of the skull? (Using the Caldwell method)

    <p>To obtain a view of the frontal sinuses, the superior orbital fissures, and other facial bones such as the greater and lesser sphenoid wings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main sections of the sternum?

    <p>The manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a “breathing technique” for a sternum x-ray?

    <p>To blur lung markings while ensuring that the image of the sternum remains sharp and well-defined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the “vertebra prominens” located?

    <p>The vertebra prominens is located at the level of T1, and the uppermost margin of the apex of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended positioning technique for a lateral cervical spine x-ray?

    <p>Place the patient in the erect lateral position with the shoulder against the vertical IR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When taking a lateral thoracic spine x-ray, it is recommended to take the view on inspiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The “breathing technique” for a lateral thoracic spine x-ray is not recommended when the patient is unable to cooperate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "Kyphosis" refers to an exaggerated anterior concavity of the lumbar spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common reason for a “compression fracture” in the vertebral body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term “Spondylolisthesis” refer to?

    <p>The forward movement of one vertebra in relation to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "Spondylolysis" refers to the complete fusion of the vertebrae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking a PA axial projection of the lumbar spine?

    <p>To acquire a view of the L5-S1 joint space and the sacroiliac joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended positioning technique for a lateral lumbar spine x-ray?

    <p>The patient should be positioned in the lateral recumbent position with the head on a pillow, knees flexed, and with support between the knees and ankles to help maintain a true lateral position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PA projection of the lumbar spine is recommended when imaging patients who have a narrow thorax and a wide pelvis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most important safety measures to take when working with pediatric patients?

    <p>Motion prevention and radiation protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for repeat exposures in pediatric radiography?

    <p>Patient motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is always recommended to position a patient in a prone position for an AP projection of the hips.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Modified Cleaves Method for an AP bilateral frog-leg projection of the pelvis is recommended for patients with destructive hip disease or hip fracture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main structures visualized in a PA projection of the sternum?

    <p>Lateral aspect of the manubrium, medial portion of the clavicles, and sternoclavicular joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking an AP axial projection of the sacrum?

    <p>To visualize the sacrum, the SI joints (sacroiliac joints), and the L5-S1 intervertebral joint space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking a lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx?

    <p>To visualize the sacrum, coccyx, and L5-S1 joint space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning technique for a PA axial projection of the mandible?

    <p>The patient lies prone with their forehead and nose resting against the table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended positioning technique for an axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJ?

    <p>Place the patient in an erect or semiprone position with the side of interest closest to the IR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking a modified parietoacanthial projection of the sinuses (using the open-mouth Waters Method)?

    <p>To visualize the maxillary sinuses, the sphenoid sinuses, and the inferior orbital rim.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The “modified Waters method” is a good alternative way to visualize the sphenoid sinuses in patients who are unable to obtain a submentovertex (SMV) position.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an AP axial projection of the skull (using the Towne method), what should the technologist adjust to ensure that the petrous ridges are visualized symmetrically?

    <p>The technologist should check for rotation by ensuring that the petrous ridges are symmetric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lateral projection of the skull, what is the landmark for centering the CR? For other types of morphologies?

    <p>Center 2 inches (5 cm) superior to EAM. For other types of morphologies, center the CR halfway between the glabella and the INION.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended positioning technique for a lateral projection of the facial bones?

    <p>Rest the lateral aspect of the head against the table surface with the side of interest closest to the IR. Then, carefully adjust the head into a true lateral position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended exposure factors for a lateral projection of the facial bones?

    <p>Use a 65 to 75 kV range for analog systems and a 70 to 80 kV range for digital systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technologist should avoid using a grid for a lateral projection of the nasal bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "modified Waters Method" is a good alternative to the parietoacanthial method when visualizing the optic foramina.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A “blowout fracture” of the orbit can result from a direct blow to the cheek.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pituitary adenomas can often be diagnosed using a conventional lateral skull x-ray

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteomyelitis of the paranasal sinuses can be caused by bacteria from a penetrating trauma, a fractured bone, or a sinus polyp.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main structures visualized in a lateral projection of the sinuses?

    <p>The frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended positioning technique for a PA projection of the sternum?

    <p>Place the patient in a prone position with their arms raised above their head. Rotate the patient 15° to 20° toward the right side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To obtain optimal image quality, what are the most important factors to consider when taking a lateral projection of the cervical spine?

    <p>Ensure that the anatomy is well-collimated, the patient is appropriately positioned, and that the exposure factors are adequate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "breathing technique" is the preferred method for taking a lateral cervical x-ray.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A “swayback” is another term for “Scoliosis.”

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scoliosis can negatively impact how well an affected person is able to move.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is recommended to position the patient in a prone position for a posterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When taking an AP axial projection of the cervical spine, it is recommended to use a higher kV range than for an open-mouth projection of the cervical spine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five types of bone lesions of the thoracic spine?

    <p>Compression fracture, chance fracture, herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), Jefferson fracture, and Hangman’s fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "Ankylosing Spondylitis" often affects women between the ages of 20 and 40.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A “Clay Shoveler’s Fracture” usually involves the spinous processes of C1 through C3.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are commonly used general body positions in medical imaging?

    <p>Fowler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sedation and analgesia in medical imaging?

    <p>To minimize the negative effects of the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common method used for administering conscious sedation?

    <p>Sublingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conscious sedation is an induced state of sedation characterized by a minimally depressed consciousness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a drug that relieves pain without loss of consciousness?

    <p>Analgesic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a category of sedative used for conscious sedation?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are NOT a common benzodiazepine medication used for conscious sedation?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates are commonly used for conscious sedation due to their effectiveness as anxiolytics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are often used as reversal agents to stabilize the effects of sedatives and analgesics?

    <p>Both Naloxone and Flumazenil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A clear reversal protocol should be developed and prominently displayed wherever sedation or analgesia is used.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a vital component of a safe sedation protocol?

    <p>Sedation protocols are not required for outpatient procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential item for a well-stocked resuscitation/emergency cart?

    <p>A defibrillator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an airway maintenance device that is commonly used for conscious sedation?

    <p>Laryngeal mask airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suction equipment should be regularly checked and immediately available.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT typically included in a monitoring device for conscious sedation?

    <p>Electroencephalogram (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A properly staffed recovery area and formalized communication are essential for safe after-care and discharge.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is only necessary to record sedation-related complications in the case of a severe adverse reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular audits of sedation practice should be performed to ensure ongoing safety and quality of care.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of a sedation committee is not essential in every institution or hospital that uses sedation for patient care.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gonadal shielding is not recommended for female patients during an abdominal series as it may obscure essential anatomy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kV settings for digital imaging are generally lower than film-screen imaging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient's primary position for lumbar spine projections should have the knees extended.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of gonadal shielding is not recommended for male patients during lumbar spine projections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The erect position is the preferred position for obtaining a lateral projection of the lumbar spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 5° to 8° cephalic angle is often used to aid in visualizing the intervertebral foramina when obtaining a lateral lumbar spine projection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing an AP axial projection of the L5-S1 joint, the technologist should angle the CR 30° cephalad for a male patient and 35° cephalad for a female patient.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positioning of the sacrum typically requires the technologist to use a 10° to 15° caudal angle when using an AP axial projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx is recommended to decrease gonadal doses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral projection of the coccyx requires a lower kV than the lateral sacrum projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When positioning the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacroiliac joints, the technologist should angle the CR 30° to 35° cephalad.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positioning of the patient for obtaining an AP axial projection of the sacroiliac joints should have the patient's knees extended.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a posterior oblique projection of the sacroiliac joints, the technologist should use a 25° to 30° posterior oblique angle with the side of interest elevated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a posterior oblique projection of the sacroiliac joints, it is best to position the CR to the side of interest.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing an AP axial projection of the skull (Towne method), the technologist should angle the CR 30° to the OML or 37° to the IOML.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PA axial projection of the optic foramina (Rhese method) is a specialized projection that is often used to visualize fractures of the orbital bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral projection of the facial bones is performed with the patient in a supine position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The submentovertical (SMV) projection of the sinuses is an alternative projection that can be performed on patients who are unable to perform the Waters projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technologist can utilize the submentovertical (SMV) projection for patients who cannot perform the Waters projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietoacanthial transoral projection is performed with the patient's mouth closed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The submentovertical (SMV) projection is a good alternative to the Waters projection for visualizing the sphenoid sinuses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietoacanthial (Waters) projection is also known as the open-mouth Waters projection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a lateral projection of the facial bones, it is essential to center the CR to the zygoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axiolateral oblique projection of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is performed with the patient's mouth closed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses, the technologist should use a horizontal beam.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The submentovertical (SMV) projection is only recommended for visualizing the sphenoid sinuses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietoacanthial transoral projection is a recommended alternative projection for visualizing the sphenoid sinuses for patients who are unable to perform the submentovertical (SMV) projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietoacanthial transoral projection is performed with the patient in a supine position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two general body positions for obtaining radiographs?

    <p>Erect or Recumbent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gonadal shielding should be used during all radiographic examinations unless it interferes with the study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The minimum source image receptor distance should be 40 inches.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of very short SID (source image receptor distance) results in less magnification and a higher quality image.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of a small focal spot results in a sharper image.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to use a grid during lateral cervical and thoracic spine radiographs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of a breathing technique should be recommended to blur structures that overlie the thoracic vertebrae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of a lead blocker should be recommended during lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiography.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of imaging is often used for evaluating spinal trauma?

    <p>CT Scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRI is a preferred imaging modality for evaluating the intervertebral disks and spinal cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is generally not recommended to position a patient with ankylosing spondylitis in an erect position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compression fractures typically occur in the lumbar region.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spondylolysis and spina bifida are both considered congenital defects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spondylolisthesis occurs more frequently in the cervical spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is a condition that can affect the bones of the entire axial skeleton, including the spine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelography is the preferred imaging modality for visualizing the spinal canal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not recommended to use a grid during a lateral projection of the cervical spine if the patient's neck measures less than 10 cm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of a breathing technique is essential for maintaining adequate detail during a lateral projection of the cervical spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is only necessary to collimate on two sides of the anatomy when performing an AP or lateral projection of the thoracic spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient's position for a lateral thoracic spine projection is most often supine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of a lead blocker is recommended to reduce the amount of scatter radiation during a lateral thoracic spine projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to radiographically evaluate the C 7/T1 junction, if there is no indication of cervical spine pathology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A breathing technique is recommended to blur out ribs and lung markings when performing a lateral thoracic spine projection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not recommended to use a lead mat during a lateral thoracic spine projection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient's position for an anterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine is often supine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient's position for an anterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine should have the patient's arms at their sides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient's position for performing an anterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine should have the patient's chest rotated 20° from true lateral.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient's position for performing a posterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine should have the patient's chest rotated 45° to the midline from true lateral.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior oblique projections of the thoracic spine demonstrate the upside zygapophyseal joints, and the anterior oblique projections demonstrate the downside zygapophyseal joints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Part One: Terminology and Positioning

    • General, systemic, and skeletal anatomy and arthrology are covered in Part One
    • General anatomy, systemic anatomy, skeletal anatomy, arthrology (joints), and body habitus are described
    • Positioning terminology includes general terms, body planes, sections, and lines, body surfaces and parts, radiographic projections, body positions, additional special use terms, relationship terms, terms related to movements, and summary of potentially misused terms
    • Positioning principles include evaluation criteria, image markers, patient identification, professional ethics and patient care, essential projections, general principles for determining positioning routines, palpation of topographic positioning landmarks, image receptor (IR) alignment, and viewing radiographic or CT/MRI images

    Part Two: Imaging Principles

    • Image quality in film screen (analog) radiography covers analog images, exposure factors for analog (film-screen) imaging, image quality factors (density, contrast, spatial resolution, and distortion)
    • Image quality in digital radiography discusses digital images, exposure factors for digital imaging, image quality factors (brightness, contrast resolution, spatial resolution, distortion, exposure indicator, and noise), and postprocessing
    • Applications of digital technology include digital imaging systems, image receptor sizes and orientation, picture archiving and communication system (PACS), and a digital imaging glossary of terms

    Part Three: Radiation Protection

    • Radiation units, traditional and SI units, dose limits, personnel monitoring, ALARA, pregnant technologists, radiographic patient dose, patient protection in radiography (minimum repeat radiographs, correct filtration)
    • Radiation safety practices (accurate collimation, precise area shielding, pregnant patient, optimum speed, dosage with projections and factors)
    • Fluoroscopic dose considerations discuss factors related to fluoroscopy (dose reduction, scattered radiation, and protection practices)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on anatomical terminology and imaging principles in radiography. This quiz covers general, systemic, and skeletal anatomy, along with positioning terminology and principles. Understand the essential concepts required for effective imaging and patient care in radiographic practices.

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