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Questions and Answers
Radioactive isotopes are used in fossil dating because they release energy.
Radioactive isotopes are used in fossil dating because they release energy.
False (B)
The use of radioactive isotopes as tracers provides evidence for evolution.
The use of radioactive isotopes as tracers provides evidence for evolution.
True (A)
The $I-131$ isotope of iodine is a radioactive isotope used in medical applications.
The $I-131$ isotope of iodine is a radioactive isotope used in medical applications.
True (A)
The thyroid gland does not absorb iodine in healthy patients.
The thyroid gland does not absorb iodine in healthy patients.
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A radioactive isotope of iodine is used to diagnose and treat cancer.
A radioactive isotope of iodine is used to diagnose and treat cancer.
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Electrons are found in shells around the nucleus, with each shell having a specific energy level.
Electrons are found in shells around the nucleus, with each shell having a specific energy level.
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The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the higher its energy level.
The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the higher its energy level.
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Only visible light or ultraviolet radiation can be emitted when an electron loses energy.
Only visible light or ultraviolet radiation can be emitted when an electron loses energy.
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The atomic number of an element is determined by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
The atomic number of an element is determined by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
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Electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
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The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
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Isotopes of a particular element have different numbers of protons, but the same number of neutrons.
Isotopes of a particular element have different numbers of protons, but the same number of neutrons.
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The mass of an atom is primarily determined by the mass of its electrons.
The mass of an atom is primarily determined by the mass of its electrons.
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Group members should present different lengths of material.
Group members should present different lengths of material.
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Group member names must be provided to the lecturer by Wednesday at 10 am.
Group member names must be provided to the lecturer by Wednesday at 10 am.
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The news article title for presentations must be sent two weeks before the presentation.
The news article title for presentations must be sent two weeks before the presentation.
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Lab instructors are Ms. Abdullah, and Dr. Spenillo.
Lab instructors are Ms. Abdullah, and Dr. Spenillo.
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It is not important for students to read the lab session instructions before the corresponding session.
It is not important for students to read the lab session instructions before the corresponding session.
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Submitting lab assignments and quizzes late is acceptable with a valid excuse.
Submitting lab assignments and quizzes late is acceptable with a valid excuse.
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Missing a lab session means that your assignment and quiz will not be received and the grade will be 0.
Missing a lab session means that your assignment and quiz will not be received and the grade will be 0.
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A third medical excuse within the same year will grant you an extra attempt to take an exam.
A third medical excuse within the same year will grant you an extra attempt to take an exam.
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An element can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
An element can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
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A compound is characterized by having properties that are similar to its constituent elements.
A compound is characterized by having properties that are similar to its constituent elements.
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All living organisms require the same 25 essential elements for life and reproduction.
All living organisms require the same 25 essential elements for life and reproduction.
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up about 96% of living matter.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up about 96% of living matter.
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Trace elements are required by an organism in large amounts.
Trace elements are required by an organism in large amounts.
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An iron deficiency would not affect the amount of oxygen carried in red blood cells.
An iron deficiency would not affect the amount of oxygen carried in red blood cells.
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An atom consists of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons.
An atom consists of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons.
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Sodium Chloride is a liquid at room temperature.
Sodium Chloride is a liquid at room temperature.
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Oxygen-17 has 8 protons and 9 neutrons.
Oxygen-17 has 8 protons and 9 neutrons.
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Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
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Nitrogen-15 has 7 protons and 8 neutrons.
Nitrogen-15 has 7 protons and 8 neutrons.
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Valence electrons are located in the outermost electron shell of an atom.
Valence electrons are located in the outermost electron shell of an atom.
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Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
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Polar covalent bonds have equal sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Polar covalent bonds have equal sharing of electrons between two atoms.
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Covalent bonds are the weakest type of chemical bonds.
Covalent bonds are the weakest type of chemical bonds.
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Ionic bonds form when one atom completely strips an electron from another atom.
Ionic bonds form when one atom completely strips an electron from another atom.
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In a non-polar covalent bond, atoms have different electronegativities.
In a non-polar covalent bond, atoms have different electronegativities.
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The oxygen atom in a water molecule has a partial positive charge.
The oxygen atom in a water molecule has a partial positive charge.
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: BIOL220 - General Biology
- Lecture date: 08/19
- Lecture 1 topic: Introduction to the course, The Chemistry of Life
- Credits: 4 credits
- Classes: Mondays and Thursdays, 11:00 to 12:15
- Laboratory: Wednesdays, 11:00 to 12:45
- Syllabus available on SAKAI Resources
Instructor Information
- Lecturer: Ms. Atoum Abdullah, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine
- Course Director and Lecturer: Dr. Paula Spiniello, Department of Biology, Ecology and Conservation, School of Arts and Science
Course Content
- The course covers life processes at molecular, cellular, organismal, population, community, and ecosystem levels.
- Topics include cell organization and communication, metabolism, cellular respiration, the cell cycle (meiosis and mitosis), genetics, evolution, origin of species, biology of viruses, bacteria, protists, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
- The course also covers emergent properties of populations, communities, and ecosystems.
- Required textbook: Campbell Biology - 12th Edition
Course Grading
- Four exams (70% of final grade): Exam 1 (15%), Exam 2 (20%), Exam 3 (15%), Exam 4 (20%)
- One oral presentation (5% of final grade)
- Nine lab assignments and quizzes (25% of final grade): Assignments 1-3 and 6-9 (3% each), Assignments 4-5 (2% each)
- Exam format: Multiple choice (typically 40-50 questions)
Oral Presentation Requirements
- Groups of max 3 students
- Select a recent biology news article from a relevant media source.
- Prepare a 12-15 minute presentation and a 5-minute Q&A session
- Indicate group members to the lecturer by Wednesday 10 am.
- Submit the article title one week before the presentation.
- Use PowerPoint for presentation.
- Check resources for presentation instructions and rubrics.
Lab Information
- 9 lab sessions
- Students must read lab instructions before the corresponding session.
- Lab session instructions and assignments available on resources.
- Lab quizzes are available on SAKAI.
- Late submissions of lab assignments and quizzes will not be accepted. Students who do not submit before the deadline will receive zero points.
- Missed lab sessions result in a zero grade for the corresponding assignment and quiz.
- Lab sessions are mandatory and cannot be repeated.
Attendance Policy
- 100% attendance is expected.
- Attendance will be taken during all class and lab sessions.
- Students unable to attend an exam on the scheduled day must complete an online medical excuse form to take the exam at a different date.
- Three medical excuses in a single academic year will result in an automatic leave of absence (LOA).
- Oral presentations and lab sessions cannot be rescheduled.
Tips for Success
- Attend all lectures and lab sessions, actively participating in the class and lab sessions.
- Review each day's lecture material.
- Ask questions during lectures & lab sessions.
- Attend lecturer's office hours.
- Join a study group
- Be aware of deadlines for assignments, quizzes, and oral presentations.
- Practice presentations, actively preparing class material.
Learning Outcomes (Chemistry of Life)
- Describe the components of an atom
- Differentiate between an element, a molecule, and a compound
- List the elements of life
- Define an isotope
- Differentiate between covalent and non-covalent bonds
- Differentiate between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds
- Describe ionic, hydrogen, and van der Waals forces
Definitions
- Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter exists in various forms (rocks, metals, oils, gases, living organisms). Living matter is mostly comprised of water (70-80%).
- Element: A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
- Compound: A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Natural Elements
- 92 naturally occurring elements.
- Some, like silver, sulfur, and mercury, occur naturally.
- Also, some radioactive elements are produced in labs or synthesized in labs.
- Essential elements: needed for life and reproduction. (approx. 20-25% of naturally occurring elements)
- Trace elements: in minute quantities (less than 0.01%), important to various body functions
- Examples of essential and trace elements that are commonly referenced were listed.
Atoms
- Each element consists of a unique atom.
- Element properties depend on the atom's structure.
- An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the characteristics of that element.
- Atoms consist of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons.
Subatomic Particles
- Atoms are made up of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge).
- Nucleus contains neutrons and protons
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
Atomic Number and Mass
- Atomic number: the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- An atom is electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
- Atomic mass: the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
- Most of an atom's mass is in its nucleus.
- Examples of specific isotopes of elements were listed in a table.
Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei.
- Although isotopes differ slightly in mass, they generally behave the same in chemical reactions.
- Examples of isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sodium.
- Radioactive isotopes: unstable isotopes that decay, emitting energy/radiation, used in dating fossils and various other applications (including medicine).
Electron Shells
- Electrons exist in different electron shells around the nucleus.
- Shells closer to the nucleus have lower energy.
- Each shell has a maximum capacity of electrons (First shell = 2, Second shell = 8, etc).
Valence Electrons
- Chemical behavior depends most on the number of valence electrons (the outermost shell of electrons).
- Valence electrons determine how atoms interact and form chemical bonds.
Chemical Bonds
- Atoms with incomplete valence shells interact with other atoms to complete their shells; this interaction results in chemical bonds.
- Types of chemical bonds include covalent (electrons are shared), ionic (electrons are transferred), hydrogen (weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom - like oxygen).
- Van der Waals forces (weak attractions between molecules due to temporary electron shifts).
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Description
This quiz covers the role of radioactive isotopes in fossil dating, medical applications, and their relationship to evolution. It also explores atomic structure, including the behavior of electrons and isotopes. Test your understanding of these key concepts in chemistry and biology.
