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Questions and Answers
What type of radiation is characterized by its ability to excite and ionize atoms?
What type of radiation is characterized by its ability to excite and ionize atoms?
Non-ionizing radiation can remove electrons from atoms.
Non-ionizing radiation can remove electrons from atoms.
False (B)
What is the quantum energy range needed for ionizing radiation to cause a valence electron to escape an atom?
What is the quantum energy range needed for ionizing radiation to cause a valence electron to escape an atom?
4-25 eV
The process of emitting energy through waves or particles without requiring a medium is known as ______.
The process of emitting energy through waves or particles without requiring a medium is known as ______.
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Which of the following is a type of directly ionizing radiation?
Which of the following is a type of directly ionizing radiation?
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Match the following types of radiation with their descriptions:
Match the following types of radiation with their descriptions:
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Excitation involves completely removing an electron from an atom.
Excitation involves completely removing an electron from an atom.
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What must be true for a photon interaction to occur with a tightly bound electron?
What must be true for a photon interaction to occur with a tightly bound electron?
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In a Compton effect interaction, a photon transfers all of its energy to the electron.
In a Compton effect interaction, a photon transfers all of its energy to the electron.
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Name one possible outcome of a photon interaction with an atom.
Name one possible outcome of a photon interaction with an atom.
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The _____ effect occurs when a low-energy photon transfers all its energy to a tightly bound electron.
The _____ effect occurs when a low-energy photon transfers all its energy to a tightly bound electron.
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Match the following interactions with their characteristics:
Match the following interactions with their characteristics:
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What does fluence rate or flux density refer to?
What does fluence rate or flux density refer to?
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Radiant energy includes rest energy.
Radiant energy includes rest energy.
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What is the decay energy?
What is the decay energy?
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Energy fluence rate refers to an increment in energy fluence over an infinitesimally small-_____ interval.
Energy fluence rate refers to an increment in energy fluence over an infinitesimally small-_____ interval.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following processes can produce ionizing radiation?
Which of the following processes can produce ionizing radiation?
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If a daughter nucleus from radioactive decay is unstable, it will always decay to a stable configuration.
If a daughter nucleus from radioactive decay is unstable, it will always decay to a stable configuration.
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What does the fluence rate depend on?
What does the fluence rate depend on?
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The energy fluence is measured in _____ or erg ∙ cm^-2.
The energy fluence is measured in _____ or erg ∙ cm^-2.
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What particle is ejected during beta-plus decay?
What particle is ejected during beta-plus decay?
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The mass number A changes during beta-plus decay.
The mass number A changes during beta-plus decay.
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What is a common example of beta-plus decay?
What is a common example of beta-plus decay?
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In electron capture decay, the parent nucleus captures an electron from the ______ shell.
In electron capture decay, the parent nucleus captures an electron from the ______ shell.
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Match the type of nuclear decay with its characteristic:
Match the type of nuclear decay with its characteristic:
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Which of the following statements about gamma decay is correct?
Which of the following statements about gamma decay is correct?
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In electron capture decay, the mass number A changes.
In electron capture decay, the mass number A changes.
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What happens to the atomic number Z during gamma decay?
What happens to the atomic number Z during gamma decay?
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During electron capture, the capture of an electron leads to the emission of a ______.
During electron capture, the capture of an electron leads to the emission of a ______.
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Which decay process competes with beta-plus disintegration?
Which decay process competes with beta-plus disintegration?
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What is the main effect described by stopping power?
What is the main effect described by stopping power?
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In a hard collision, the incident electron primarily interacts with a nucleus.
In a hard collision, the incident electron primarily interacts with a nucleus.
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What units are used to describe stopping power?
What units are used to describe stopping power?
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During an inelastic collision with a nucleus, the incident electron may lose energy in the form of __________.
During an inelastic collision with a nucleus, the incident electron may lose energy in the form of __________.
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Match the following types of collisions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of collisions with their descriptions:
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What is the definition of radiation yield?
What is the definition of radiation yield?
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The expectation value of the path length a charged particle follows until it comes to rest is known as scattering.
The expectation value of the path length a charged particle follows until it comes to rest is known as scattering.
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What type of collision is most probable when the impact parameter is much greater than the atomic radius?
What type of collision is most probable when the impact parameter is much greater than the atomic radius?
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The type of interaction depends on the impact parameter $b$ and the atomic radius $a$: for $b \gg a$, we have __________ collision.
The type of interaction depends on the impact parameter $b$ and the atomic radius $a$: for $b \gg a$, we have __________ collision.
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What happens during a soft collision?
What happens during a soft collision?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Radiation physics is the study of ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter, including energy absorption.
- Radiation is energy transfer that does not require a medium for propagation.
- It is emitted as waves or particles.
Ionizing Radiation
- Two main categories:
- Ionizing radiation (IR): Electromagnetic waves (e.g., alpha, beta, neutrons) with short wavelengths and high frequencies that have enough energy to ionize atoms.
- Non-ionizing radiation (NIR): Electromagnetic waves (e.g., longer wavelengths, lower frequencies) with insufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms.
Types of Ionizing Radiation
-
Directly Ionizing Radiation:
- Fast-charged particles (electrons from nuclear sources, etc.) directly transfer energy to matter through Coulomb interactions.
-
Indirectly Ionizing Radiation:
- Uncharged particles (e.g., gamma-rays, X-rays) initially transfer energy to charged particles which then interact with matter through Coulomb interactions.
Gamma rays, X-rays,Neutrons
- Gamma rays: electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of an atom.
- X-rays: electromagnetic radiation emitted by accelerated charged particles.
- Neutrons: uncharged particles resulting from nuclear reactions.
Stochastic and Non-stochastic quantities
- Stochastic: random, cannot be predicted precisely but have probability distribution.
- Non-stochastic: values can be calculated, continuous in space and time with definable gradients.
Radioactive Decay
- Unstable nuclei undergo transformations until a stable configuration is achieved.
- Various decay types (alpha, beta, gamma) are possible, changing atomic number/atomic mass.
- Each type of decay has specific characteristics regarding the emission of particles and energy.
Activity
- Radioactive activity is the rate of decay of a substance. It represents the number of disintegrations per unit of time (Becquerel, Bq)
- Half-life (T): The time for half of the radioactive substance to decay.
Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter
- Energetic charged particles (e.g., electrons) interacting with matter undergo:
- Coulomb interactions with atomic electrons and nuclei
- Elastic and inelastic collisions
- Energy loss from ionizations, bremsstrahlung
- Change in particle trajectory.
Interaction of Photons with Matter
- Photon interactions involve:
- Photoelectric effect
- Compton scattering
- Pair production
- Photonuclear interactions
Beam Attenuation
- Interactions of particles lead to an exponential decrease in intensity as they pass through matter.
- Attenuation coefficients describe how much a beam is reduced as it passes through a medium.
X-ray Filtration and Beam Quality
- Filtration removes lower energy X-rays from a beam, improving image quality.
- Different filtration methods are used to modify the spectral distribution of X-ray beams, affecting beam quality.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of radiation and their interactions with atoms. This quiz covers key concepts surrounding ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, photon interactions, and the Compton effect. Perfect for students delving into atomic physics and radiation science.
