Radiation Techniques I Lecture 3: Indirect Ionization and Biological Damage

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What is the primary effect of radiation when it interacts with water?

Direct ionization of the target atoms

Excitation of the target atoms

Formation of toxic substances like H2O2

Production of hydrogen and hydroxyls (correct)

What is the main reason for the high probability of radiation interacting with the water in a cell?

Easy repair of single-strand breaks in the DNA

Small proportion of DNA in the cell

High volume of water in each cell (correct)

Low excitation energy required for water molecules

Which type of radiation-induced damage is more easily repaired with no long-term effect?

Production of toxic substances like H2O2

Single-strand breaks (SSB) (correct)

Indirect ionization of target atoms

Double-strand breaks (DSB)

What are the primary fragments produced when radiation breaks the chemical bonds of water?

Hydrogen (H) and hydroxyls (OH) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation-induced damage has more potential for long-term damage due to difficulty in repair?

Double-strand breaks (DSB) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of reproductive integrity in stem cells and other cells capable of many divisions due to radiation damage?

Reproductive death Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of the response of tissue when it is irradiated?

The dose in Rads (Gy) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when radiation enters a cell and the damage is not repaired, but the cell replicates itself in the damaged form?

The cell undergoes reproductive death Signup and view all the answers

Which late effect of radiation includes fibrosis and other reactions mediated by vascular deficiencies?

Delayed tissue reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for potentially lethal damage that can be manipulated by repair when cells are allowed to remain in a non-dividing state?

Sublethal damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of radiation interacting with water, leading to the formation of toxic substances like (H2 O2)?

Cell destruction Signup and view all the answers

In a cell exposed to radiation, why is the probability of the radiation interacting with DNA molecules very small?

DNA molecules are a small part of the cell's volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of single-strand breaks (SSB) caused by radiation?

No long-term effect with easy repair Signup and view all the answers

Why is the interaction of radiation with water more likely than with DNA molecules in a cell?

Water makes up most of the cell's volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of radiation interacting with double-strand breaks (DSB)?

Long-term damage with difficulty in repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for radiation damage that is irreversible, irreparable, and leads to cell death?

Lethal damage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation-induced damage can be repaired in hours unless additional sublethal damage is added that eventually leads to lethal damage?

Sublethal damage Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary late effects of radiation?

Life span shortening Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation-induced damage can be manipulated by repair when cells are allowed to remain in a non-dividing state?

Potentially lethal damage Signup and view all the answers

Which late effect of radiation includes reactions mediated by vascular deficiencies?