Radiation Diagnostics of Lung and Mediastinum Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in examining patients with diseases and injuries of the lungs and mediastinum through ray methods?

Performing radiography in the straight projection

Using linear tomography

Performing panoramic radiography in the straight projection (correct)

Conducting fluorography

In which position is the standard X-ray study of the breast performed?

Patient's horizontal position

Patient's vertical position at the height of exhalation

Patient's vertical position at the height of deep inspiration (correct)

Patient's lateral position

What is the purpose of taking X-ray pictures in oblique projections?

To blur the details of interest

To compress the anatomical structures for better visibility

To reduce the overall radiation exposure

To capture different angles of the lungs and mediastinum (correct)

Which technique can be used to increase the natural contrast of the lungs during an X-ray study?

Deep inspiration imaging Signup and view all the answers

What initial ray technique is typically used to examine patients with thoracic pathology?

Radiography Signup and view all the answers

At what stage in examining patients are native, most accessible ray techniques used?

At the initial examination stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for performing radiography in both anterior and lateral projections?

To visualize different aspects of the anatomical structures Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose are snapshots taken during X-ray examinations?

To identify specific areas in detail Signup and view all the answers

What role does radiation examination play in a comprehensive examination of patients with thoracic pathology?

It is crucial and often decisive in establishing pathology nature Signup and view all the answers

Why is a panoramic X-ray image important in examining patients with lung diseases and injuries?

To provide a complete view of all anatomical structures in the region Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using fluorography for mass screening?

Economy and high capacity Signup and view all the answers

In what situations is fluoroscopy recommended over radiography and fluorography?

When detailed documentation is needed Signup and view all the answers

What are the main indications for tomography of the lungs and mediastinum?

Refinement of the structure of the lung root Signup and view all the answers

Why is fluoroscopy limited in studying the organs of the breast?

High radiation exposure to the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of radiography and fluorography in documenting changes in organs?

Objective documentation for reliable judgment Signup and view all the answers

When is linear tomography preferred over CT scans?

When CT has more diagnostic information Signup and view all the answers

What are the main directions for using fluoroscopy in chest studies?

Study of bronchopulmonary lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structures are mainly visible in a direct projection's median shadow?

Heart, aorta, and spine Signup and view all the answers

At what voltage range are thoracic vertebrae visible all over in a direct projection using 'hard' X-rays?

More than 100kV Signup and view all the answers

What is visible in the upper part of the median line on 'hard' x-ray images in the mediastinum?

Trachea lumen and dense structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in the formation of shadows in the paramediastinal zones of the pulmonary fields?

Large blood vessels and lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomic substrate of the so-called pulmonary pattern visible on roentgenograms?

Intrapulmonary vessels Signup and view all the answers

In which section do the vessels have rounded or oval shadows with smooth contours?

Transverse section Signup and view all the answers

What can be seen in the center of the chest cavity crossing from top to bottom in lateral projection?

Trachea, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi Signup and view all the answers

'Lobes of the lungs are separated by interspecies gaps.' What becomes discernible when infiltrating pulmonary tissue?

'Soft' tissues Signup and view all the answers

'Each segment is projected on radiographs in a direct and lateral projection.' How are boundaries between segments distinguishable?

'Unidentifiable' shadows Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the total shadow pattern of the breast in a direct X-ray projection?

Two light fields symmetrically located in the lateral parts of the thoracic cavity and a middle shadow between them Signup and view all the answers

Where are the pulmonary fields intersected by striped shadows of the ribs?

At the posterior parts of the ribs Signup and view all the answers

What are the shadows seen in the lower part of both pulmonary fields in women and men, respectively?

Shadows of the mammary glands in women and pectoral muscles in men Signup and view all the answers

Where do elderly individuals begin to see shadows due to calcification?

Mid-clavicular level Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the center of the shadows of the mammary glands and pectoral muscles?

Dense shadows of nipples Signup and view all the answers

Where are the clavicles intersected in relation to the tops of the lungs?

Outside the lungs Signup and view all the answers

How are the ribs arranged in terms of their shadow appearance?

Horizontally with convexity upward Signup and view all the answers

What is notable about cartilaginous tissue in relation to x-rays?

It is visible due to calcification on x-rays Signup and view all the answers

What is observed outside the pulmonary fields at upper parts of lateral chest walls?

Intense shadows of scapulae Signup and view all the answers

Where do calcified cartilages appear to break off according to X-ray examination?

Approximately mid-clavicular level Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pneumomediastinography?

To establish the topographic location of neoplasms in the lung or mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of pleurography?

To contrast the pleural cavity for encapsulated pleural empyema Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of fistulography?

To determine the type and extent of external chest fistulas Signup and view all the answers

In angiopulmonograms, what do the images sequentially display?

Both arterial and venous phases Signup and view all the answers

When performing pleurography, what is introduced into the pleural cavity?

Contrast agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing a water-soluble iodine-containing contrast agent during catheterization?

To establish authentically the topographic location of neoplasms Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between pneumomediastinography and pleurography?

The location within the chest cavity Signup and view all the answers

In which technique are serially executed images displayed?

'Soft' X-rays Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about angiopulmonograms?

"They display both phases of blood flow: arterial and venous" Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the limited use of bronchography compared to CT scans?

Bronchography is an invasive technique, unlike CT scans. Signup and view all the answers

When is general anesthesia typically required in bronchography procedures?

Mainly in patients with respiratory failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for performing bronchography?

Anomalies and malformations of the bronchi. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of oil or water-soluble iodine-containing drugs necessary in bronchography?

To provide contrast in the bronchial tree imaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using bronchography compared to CT scans?

Bronchography has limited diagnostic capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

In what cases would bronchography be preferred over CT scans?

In patients with suspected bronchiectasis. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the invasiveness of bronchography have on its current use?

It restricts the widespread adoption of bronchography. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding bronchography's invasiveness that impacts its utilization?

The potential complications associated with invasive techniques. Signup and view all the answers

What has limited the application of bronchography in modern diagnostics?

The availability and broader use of non-invasive imaging methods like CT scans. Signup and view all the answers

What role does local anesthesia typically play in bronchographies?

It serves as a painkiller during the procedure. Signup and view all the answers

What might be the morphological substrate of a round shadow with single formation and enlarged lymph nodes at the lung root?

Peripheral cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common presentation of the syndrome of limited focal dissemination on a roentgenogram?

Focal tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What pathological process is typically displayed by extensive two-sided miliary dissemination of the lungs?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main intrapulmonary process that leads to extensive enlightenment typically showing emphysema of the lungs and hypovolemia in the small circle of blood circulation?

Valve disruption of the main bronchus Signup and view all the answers

In subtotal unilateral enlightenment, what is a possible cause for compensatory hyperpneumatosis in part of the lung?

Removal of another lobe Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathological process is typically associated with the syndrome of limited bleaching indicating a local increase in pulmonary field transparency?

Emphysematous bullae Signup and view all the answers

What does the syndrome of limited lightening of the lungs often imitate?

Tumors Signup and view all the answers

What does depletion of the pulmonary pattern imply?

Swelling of lung tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is observed in chronic bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, and pneumosclerosis?

Deformation of the pulmonary pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for performing CT scans instead of linear tomography?

Better visualization of intrapulmonary structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of CT examination in cases with negative results from conventional radiographic examination?

Detection of atypical cells in sputum Signup and view all the answers

What natural contrast conditions are recommended for obtaining the best visualization of intrapulmonary structures during CT examination?

-700...-800 HU range Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of differentiating between 'norm' and 'pathology' when analyzing x-ray images of the lungs?

To facilitate differential diagnosis by narrowing down possible diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the syndrome of extensive shading of the pulmonary field?

It is characterized by a shift of the mediastinum towards the shading Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic associated with limited shading syndrome in X-ray images of the lungs?

It mainly results from extrapulmonary processes Signup and view all the answers

In X-ray diagnostics, how are round shadow syndromes typically characterized?

By retaining circular, semicircular, or oval shapes over 12 mm Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential step when decoding a syndrome characterized by limited shading in X-ray images?

Establishing anatomical localization of the pathological process Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to identify radiological syndromes when analyzing lung x-ray images?

To narrow down possible diseases and ease differential diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of dynamic CT in the differential diagnosis of lung abnormalities?

To differentiate circular pathological formations in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

In CT-angiography, what is the main priority in diagnosis?

Diagnosing pulmonary embolism and vascular anomalies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of MRI over X-ray CT in examining the mediastinal structures?

Ability to differentiate between tissue and fluid-containing structures Signup and view all the answers

When is high-resolution CT mandatory in patient studies according to the text?

For patients with disseminated processes Signup and view all the answers

What technique is primarily used for studying the spread of malignant tumor processes to various blood vessels?

CT-angiography Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Max IP technology commonly used for chest vessel diagnosis?

Effective diagnosis of chest vessel pathologies Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of shadowing in the lungs on X-ray images?

Infiltration of pulmonary parenchyma with normal tissues Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon can give rise to extrapulmonary shadowing in X-ray images of the lungs?

Fluid accumulation in pleural cavities Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to 'enlightenment' in the lungs on X-ray images?

Decrease in tissue mass per unit volume of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of the 'enlightenment' seen in X-ray images of the lungs?

Violation of bronchial patency causing loss of tissue mass Signup and view all the answers

Which potential phenomenon could cause changes in the roots of the lungs visible on X-ray images?

Edematous fluid in pleural cavities Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause for changes in the pulmonary pattern observable on X-ray images?

Altered arrangement of pulmonary vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of radionuclide studies of the lung and mediastinum?

Assessing alveolar ventilation and bronchial patency Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structures mainly become visible in a direct projection's median shadow during an ultrasound of the breast?

Mediastinal lymph nodes and heart Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows the visualization of the thoracic wall, pleura, lungs, and major vessels using intercostal, subcostal, parasternal, and suprasternal access?

Ultrasonography Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of MRI under conditions of contrast enhancement in detecting malignant tumor infiltration?

Determination of active tumor tissue after chemoradiotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What can be reliably recognized using the ultrasonic method in patients with respiratory organs?

Diagnosis of neoplasms of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is a main direction for radionuclide studies involving external respiration processes?

Study of alveolar ventilation and capillary diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which radionuclide technique is primarily used to detect malignant neoplasms in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes?

FDG-fluoride-oxy-glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of combining scintigrams with radiographic data during diagnostic analysis?

To increase the reliability of the analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between perfusion scintigraphy and ventilation scintigraphy?

Perfusion scintigraphy involves an injected solution while ventilation scintigraphy involves gas flow observations. Signup and view all the answers

What do defects in the accumulation of radionuclide on scintigrams represent?

Sites of disturbed ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of RFPs in lung and mediastinal imaging?

To detect malignant neoplasms Signup and view all the answers

Why are macroaggregates (microspheres) unable to penetrate into pathologically altered areas of the lungs during scintigraphy?

In cases of damaged lung vessels Signup and view all the answers

Why is the diagnostic combination of PET and CT scans considered optimal?

To enhance diagnostic accuracy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common purpose of the ultrasonic method when examining patients with respiratory organs?

Identifying pathological processes in the subpleural regions of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological processes can be studied through radionuclide studies of the lung and mediastinum?

Alveolar ventilation and diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a key diagnostic aspect of the radionuclide method in detecting neoplasms in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes?

Definition of tumor lesion in lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of chest X-ray interpretation, what can radial scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET methods provide insights into?

Pulmonary embolism diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of combining PET with CT scans in diagnostic imaging?

Optimal detection of malignant tumor infiltration Signup and view all the answers

What is the challenge in differentiating between the pathological processes of globular shape in chest X-ray images?

Determining the demarcation of these shadows Signup and view all the answers

In chest X-ray images, a single formation with massive chaotic or mottled calcification is most likely indicative of what condition?

Hamartoma Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical base contributes to the formation of foci and limited focal disseminations in chest X-ray images?

Lobes of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in establishing the localization of a round shadow syndrome in chest X-ray images?

Identifying extrapulmonary processes vs intrapulmonary processes Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred when observing multiple formations in chest X-ray images?

Presence of metastases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a multi-projection X-ray study when decoding a syndrome related to lung diseases?

To establish the anatomical localization of the pathological process Signup and view all the answers

In cases of mediastinal neoplasms protruding into the pulmonary fields, where are these neoplasms primarily located?

In the middle shadow Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication of unconditionally intrapulmonary localization of a pathological process on X-ray images?

Location within the pulmonary field in all projections Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely diagnosis based on X-ray images showing limited shading of the right lung with atelectasis of the upper lobe?

Segmental atelectasis Signup and view all the answers

How do mediastinal neoplasms that protrude into pulmonary fields behave compared to those originating from other locations in the chest?

They do not move during breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which radionuclide technique is most commonly used to detect malignant neoplasms in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes?

99mTc-MIBI Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic advantage of combining PET with CT for imaging purposes?

Improved spatial resolution and anatomical localization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of scintigraphy using tumorotropic radiopharmaceuticals (RFPs) in lung imaging?

Detecting malignant tumors in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What does the projection coincidence of perfusion defects with light shading areas on X-rays significantly enhance the probability of diagnosing?

Pulmonary embolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended order for conducting diagnostic imaging in patients with respiratory symptoms?

X-ray CT followed by radiography and fluoroscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of syndromic approach in radiographic diagnosis of respiratory diseases?

It provides a detailed analysis of X-ray pictures for accurate pathology definition Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of CT examination in patients with negative results on traditional radiographic examination?

It plays an extremely important role in cases with disturbing clinical data Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing CT before ren-radiopaque studies in patients with respiratory symptoms?

To assess for extrapulmonary processes Signup and view all the answers

Why is the role of CT considered crucial in diagnosing respiratory diseases?

It provides better visualization of both lungs and mediastinum than X-ray methods Signup and view all the answers

What pathological process is most commonly associated with focal tuberculosis and peripheral cancer in the syndrome of limited dissemination?

Lobular atelectasis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes lesions of the lungs that are localized within no more than two segments?

Diffuse dissemination Signup and view all the answers

What is the main extrapulmonary pathological process that can be identified in cases of extensive enlightenment of the pulmonary field?

Total pneumothorax Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rashes is characterized by foci with a size between 5-8 mm on a roentgenogram?

Medium-focal rashes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common syndrome associated with disseminated tuberculosis and alveolar pulmonary edema in cases of extensive focal dissemination?

Sarcoidosis Signup and view all the answers

What imaging modality is currently not widely used for diagnosing diseases of the respiratory and mediastinal organs?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows for differentiation between tissue and fluid-containing structures, including vascular structures, in the mediastinal examination?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is preferred over CT in evaluating the roots of the lungs, pleura, and chest wall?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which method is effective in detecting malignant tumor infiltration of the pleura, thoracic wall, and major vessels after chemoradiotherapy?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique allows for the reliable recognition of thromboembolism of the trunk and main branches of the pulmonary artery?

CT angiography Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in analyzing the x-ray picture of the lungs according to the text?

Distinguishing between 'norm' and 'pathology' Signup and view all the answers

In the context of x-ray analysis of the lungs, what does intrasyndrome diagnosis aim to define?

General nature of the pathological process Signup and view all the answers

Which radiological syndrome is characterized by total homogeneous shading of a lung hemithorax with displacement of the mediastinum towards the shading?

Atelectasis of the left lung Signup and view all the answers

What significantly reduces the range of possible diseases and facilitates differential diagnosis in the context of x-ray analysis of lung issues?

Distinguishing between 'norm' and 'pathology' Signup and view all the answers

What determines the pathological process displayed by a radiological syndrome?

Nature of the shading and position of the mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

In x-ray analysis, which syndrome is indicated by homogeneous shading of a lung hemithorax with a shift of the mediastinum away from the shading?

Left-sided total hydrothorax Signup and view all the answers

During x-ray analysis, which step aims to define the nature of the pathological process in relation to radiological syndromes?

'Intrasyndrome diagnosis' Signup and view all the answers

'Extensive shading of the pulmonary field' is associated with which aspect according to x-ray analysis?

'Extensive enlightenment' Signup and view all the answers

'Limited Enlightenment' in x-ray analysis often indicates what condition?

'Limited focal dissemination' Signup and view all the answers

'Changing the pulmonary picture' during x-ray analysis may involve which scenario?

'Extensive focal dissemination' Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for identifying different radiological syndromes during x-ray analysis of lung issues?

Nature of shading and position of mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Radiation Diagnostics of Lung and Mediastinum Diseases

Radiological examination is essential for patients with thoracic pathology, providing decisive data for diagnosing and monitoring diseases.
X-ray methods (radiography, fluorography, fluoroscopy, and linear tomography) are used to examine patients with lung and mediastinum diseases.

Native Radiographic Methods

Radiography is the first stage of examination, involving panoramic images in straight and lateral projections.
Radiography is performed in the patient's vertical position at the height of deep inspiration to increase lung contrast.
Additional pictures can be taken in other projections (oblique), in the horizontal position, and in exhalation.

Fluorography

Fluorography is used for mass screening studies to detect pathological processes, especially tuberculosis and lung cancer.
One of its advantages is its economy and high capacity, allowing for the examination of 150 people per hour.

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy has limited use due to its significant radiation burden on the patient and lower resolving power.
It is used only when necessary, after analyzing radiographs and fluorograms.

Linear Tomography

Linear tomography is performed when CT scanning is not possible.
It is still used in clinical practice due to its availability and low cost.
Indications for tomography include:
- Detection of destruction in inflammatory and tumor infiltrates
- Detection of intrabronchial processes
- Determination of bronchopulmonary and mediastinal lymph node enlargement
- Refining the structure of the lung root during expansion

General Shadow Pattern of the Breast Cell

The total shadow pattern of the breast in a direct projection consists of two light fields (lungs) and the middle shadow (heart, aorta, and spine).
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
Rib shadows intersect pulmonary fields, with posterior parts forming a horizontal, convex upward shadow.

Angiopulmonography

Angiopulmonography is used to diagnose vascular lesions, such as aneurysms, constrictions, and thromboembolism.
A water-soluble iodine-containing contrast agent is administered through a catheter inserted into the femoral vein.
The technique provides detailed information on pulmonary vascular lesions.

Pneumomediastinography

Pneumomediastinography is used to establish the topographic-anatomical location of neoplasms in the border pulmonary-mediastinal zone.
Gas is introduced into the mediastinum, allowing for the differentiation between lung and mediastinal tumors.

Pleurography

Pleurography is used to examine encapsulated pleural empyema, determining the exact localization, size, and shape of the cavity.
Water-soluble or oily contrast agents are introduced into the pleural cavity through a puncture or drainage tube.

Fistulography

Fistulography is used to diagnose external fistulas of the chest, determining their type, direction, extent, connection with the bronchial tree, and the source of the purulent process.

Special X-Ray Contrast Methods

Bronchography is used to diagnose bronchiectasis, anomalies, and malformations of the bronchi, and internal bronchial fistulas.
Angiopulmonography is used to diagnose vascular lesions.
Pneumomediastinography, pleurography, and fistulography are specialized techniques used in specific situations.

Analysis of the X-Ray Picture of the Lungs

The analysis should begin with distinguishing between normal and pathological changes.
The radiological syndrome should be determined, which reduces the range of possible diseases and facilitates differential diagnosis.
Intrasyndrome diagnosis involves defining the general nature of the pathological process and the specific nosological form of the disease.### Localization of Pathological Processes
The localization of the pathological process is essential: is it located outside or within the lungs?
Intrapulmonary processes can appear as a round shadow on an X-ray, including tumors, cysts, tuberculosis, and vascular aneurysms.

Syndromes of Respiratory Diseases

Syndrome of a Round Shadow: a single formation can indicate cancer; multiple formations can indicate metastases; a single formation with massive calcification can indicate hamartoma; a formation with independent pulsation can indicate a vascular aneurysm.
Syndrome of Limited Focal Dissemination: foci and limited focal dissemination are rounded, polygonal, or irregularly shaped shadows up to 12 mm in size.
Syndrome of Extensive Focal Dissemination: lesions of the lungs exceeding two segments or affecting both lungs; can indicate disseminated tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, carcinomatosis, pneumoconiosis, or alveolar pulmonary edema.
Syndrome of Enlightenment of the Pulmonary Field: a total or subtotal increase in the transparency of the pulmonary field; can indicate total pneumothorax or hypovolemia of the small circle of blood circulation.
Syndrome of Changes in the Pulmonary Pattern: deviations from the normal pulmonary pattern, including amplification, depletion, or deformation.

X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT)

CT is the most informative method for diagnosing respiratory diseases.
CT is performed after careful study of traditional native X-ray examination results.
CT is essential for patients with negative results on conventional radiographic examination but with disturbing clinical data.
A primary standard CT scan involves obtaining a series of contiguous tomographic sections from the tops of the lungs to the bottom of the posterior rib-diaphragmatic sinuses.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI is currently not widely used for diagnosing respiratory diseases, but has some advantages over CT.
MRI is preferable to CT for evaluating the roots of the lungs, pleura, and chest wall.

Ultrasonic Method

Ultrasonic method is used for visualizing the thoracic wall, rib and diaphragmatic pleura, lining region of the lungs, heart, thoracic aorta, and its branches.
Scanning of intrathoracic anatomical structures is performed mainly from intercostal, subcostal, parasternal, and suprasternal access.

Radionuclide Method

Radionuclide studies of the lung and mediastinum are performed using planar scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET.
Main directions include studying physiological processes, diagnosing pulmonary embolism, malignant neoplasms of the lungs, and tumor lesion of lymph nodes of the mediastinum.

X-Ray-Henological Syndromes of Lung Diseases

X-ray manifestations of pathological processes in the lungs are diverse but based on four phenomena: shading of lung fields, enlightenment of pulmonary fields, changes in pulmonary pattern, and changes in the roots of the lungs.### Radiological Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases
Radiological diagnosis involves multiple-projection X-ray studies to establish anatomical localization of the pathological process in the chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, and lungs.

Shading Syndromes

Limited shading: changes in the lungs and extrapulmonary processes; localization of the pathological process is essential.
Round shadow syndrome: limited shading, retaining the shape of a circle, semicircle, or oval (>12 mm); differentiation of these processes is challenging.
Foci and limited focal dissemination: rounded, polygonal, or irregularly shaped shadows (up to 12 mm); multiple foci in one or two segments.
Extensive focal dissemination: lesions exceeding two segments or bilateral involvement; four types of rashes are distinguished by the size of the foci (miliary, finely confined, medium-focal, and large-focal).

Extensive Enlightenment of the Pulmonary Field

Out of extrapulmonary pathological processes, this syndrome displays total pneumothorax; intrasyndrome differentiation of intrapulmonary pathological processes is necessary.
Total one-sided, total two-sided, and subtotal one-sided enlightenment are distinguished by the prevalence of the process.

Analysis of the X-ray Picture

Analysis should begin with distinguishing between "norm" and "pathology"; determination of the radiological syndrome and intrasyndrome diagnosis is essential.
The position of the mediastinum and the nature of shading are important for diagnosis (e.g., total homogeneous or non-uniform shading, displacement of the mediastinum).

Ultrasound Method

Informative for determining the presence, volume, location, and nature of fluid in the pleural cavities; diagnosis of neoplasms of the chest wall and pleura.
Useful for differentiation of tissue, cystic, and vascular neoplasms of the mediastinum and evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes.

Radionuclide Method

Study of physiological processes (alveolar ventilation, alveolar-capillary diffusion, capillary blood flow) and diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, malignant neoplasms, and mediastinal goiter.
Radionuclide examination includes perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy, and PET scans with tumorotropic radiopharmaceuticals (RFPs).

Computed Tomography (CT)

Most informative method of radiation diagnosis of respiratory diseases; expedient to perform after careful study of X-ray examination results.
Essential in cases with negative results of conventional radiographic examination and disturbing clinical data.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Currently not widely used for respiratory diseases; priority is given to X-ray CT.
However, MRI is preferable to CT in evaluating the roots of the lungs, pleura, and chest wall; effective with contrast enhancement.

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Description

Learn about the methods of radiation research used for examining patients with thoracic pathology, focusing on diseases and damages of lungs and mediastinum. Understand how X-ray methods play a crucial role in establishing the nature of pathological processes, assessing dynamics, and treatment outcomes.