Rachidian Roots and Spinal Cord Anatomy

• Rachidian roots originate from the peripheral nervous system.
• The anterior root comes from the anterior horn.
• The terminal horn of the spinal cord ends at L1-L2.
• The cauda equina innervates the pelvic organs.
• A typical number of rachidian roots is 33.
• Rachidian roots arise from the combination of anterior and posterior roots.
• The anterior root originates from the spinal cord.
• The anterior root is motor.
• The posterior root is sensitive and centripetal.
• Severing the anterior root at L3 on the left results in paralysis of the right leg.
• Severing the posterior root at L3 on the right results in anesthesia of the left leg.
• Severing the anterior root on the left and posterior root on the right at L3 results in anesthesia of the right leg and paralysis of the left leg.
• Lumbar puncture is performed at the L4-L5 level.
• Cutting the right anterior root at L1, results in no motor response.
• Stimulation of the distal end of the severed right anterior L1 root results in motor function of the right leg.
• Stimulation of the central end of the severed right posterior L1 root, results in sensitivity of the right leg.
• Stimulation of the distal end of the severed right posterior L1 root results in sensitivity of the right leg.
• Suspect a fracture in the sacral region if a patient has paralysis in both legs.
• Paralysis is when a patient can have paralysis of both legs and arms.
• A patient with a fracture at C4-C5 may experience paralysis of both arms and legs.
• Cauda equina syndrome includes urinary retention.
• Influx carried by the anterior root is centrifuge.
• Lumbar puncture is used to diagnose meningitis.
• Recurrence sensitivity is caused by excitation of the posterior root.
• The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system.
• A dermatome is the area of skin innervated by a posterior root .
• A myotome includes muscles innervated by an anterior root.
• Cutting the anterior root of the spinal cord results in degeneration of the distal end.
• Cutting the posterior root of the spinal cord between the cord and spinal ganglion results in degeneration at the central end.
• Cutting the posterior root of the spinal cord between the spinal ganglion and nerve of conjugation results in degeneration at the distal end.
• Ascending tracts of the spinal cord conduct general sensitivity.
• Descending tracts of the spinal cord conduct motor skills.

Faisceaux of the Spinal Cord

• Goll and Burdach fasicles are in the posterior horn.
• Goll and Burdach tracts conduct heterolateral sensitivity.
• Spinothalamic tracts are in the anterolateral column.
• Spinocerebellar tracts are in the lateral column.
• Spinocerebellar tracts of Flechsig and Gowers conduct tactile, painful, epicritic sensitivity.
• Pyramidal tracts are motor.
• Pyramidal tracts conduct voluntary motor activity.
• Pyramidal tracts originate from the cerebrum.
• Extrapyramidal tracts originate from the cerebral cortex through central gray nuclei.
• The extrapyramidal tracts conduct voluntary motor function.
• Cutting the pyramidal tracts causes locomotor ataxia.
• Paraplegia is caused by a lesion of the spinal cord.
• Hemiplegia results from a cerebral cortex lesion.
• Locomotor ataxia involves uncoordinated movement.
• Deep sensitivity includes sensitivity to the direction of movement and position.
• Pain caused by a central lesion is difficult to treat with level 3 analgesics.
• Reflexes are sought by tapping the patellar tendon to find the patellar reflex.
• The Achilles reflex is found by tapping the heel.
• The triceps reflex is found by tapping the elbow.
• The abdominal reflex is found by gently scratching the skin of the abdomen.
• The cremasteric reflex is found by scratching the inner thigh.
• The plantar cutaneous reflex is found by scratching the sole.
• The plantar cutaneous reflex causes the big toe to flex downward and other toes to fan out.
• Babinski's sign is characterized by the big toe turning upwards and the other toes fanning.
• Babinski's sign results from lesions of the pyramidal tract.
• Gray central nuclei are located in the cerebral cortex.
• Excitation of the central gray nuclei causes choreoathetosic movement.
• Destruction of the central gray nuclei causes contralateral paralysis.
• Parkinson's disease is caused by senescence of gray nuclei.
• Chorea athetosis is characterized by sudden and slow involuntary movements.
• Attention helps stop the tremors caused by excitation of the central gray nuclei.

Sleep

• Sleep is a human necessity.
• A person forced to stay awake for 10 days can die.
• Newborn babies sleep 20 hours a day which is normal.
• Adults need at least 6 hours sleep per day.
• A 60-year-old has slept 20 years of their life.
• After being asleep for 10 years, one can dream for 4 years.
• Depth of sleep is measured by sound levels.
• There are 3 types of sleep: slow, rapid and behavioral.
• Sleep is an analysis of cortex cerebral cells.

Medical Terms

• Patients with anxiety conditions are investigated for emotional distress..
• A conditioned reflex requires practice.
• A conditioned reflex disappears if it is not regularly maintained.
• Layer 4 of the cerebral cortex is the internal granular layer.
• There are 4 cerebral circumvolutions on the external face of the cerebral cortex.
• The inferior face of the cerebral cortex has the A-Frontal ascendant circumvolution.
• The corpe callosum circumvolution is located on the occipital.
• The external perpendicular fissure divides into frontal ascendant and parietal ascendant.
• The frontal ascendant function is voluntary motor skills.
• A rupture of the left meningeal artery causes left hemiplegia.
• Intense forgetting of the cortex of the frontal ascendant exhibits epileptic convulsions.
• The zone of the frontal ascendant cortex with the largest surface area governs hand, lip, mouth.
• Parietal ascendant has a sensitivity function.
• The visual area is located in the occipital lobe.
• The auditory area is located in the temporal lobe.
• The center responsible for sexual sensitivity is located in the temporal lobe.
• The olfactory area is located in the hippocampus.
• The gustatory area is located in the hippocampus at the foot of the rolandic operculum.
• Loss of sight is called deafness.
• Loss of taste is called ageusia.
• Loss of smell is called anosmia.
• Loss of hearing (deafness) is called surdity.
• Loss of a portion of the visual field is called hemianopia.
• Hemianopsia is caused by unilateral injury of the upper side of the calcarine lip.
• The speech center is located in the left cerebral cortex for right-handed people.
• Verbal surdity means hearing only, not speaking.
• Verbal cecity means sight only.
• Broca's motor aphasia means an inability to speak due to the inability to move the mouth.
• Wernicke's sensory asphasia means being only able to hears and not understand the answers.
• Psychoanalysis of dreams analyzes the dreams mostly remembered by the patient.
• A newborn who sleeps 20 hours a day sleeps normally physiologicaly.
• A person who eats and drinks enough but cannot sleep for days may live with little strength..
• Quinal is a drug composed of paracetamol and caffeine and the medicine has analgesic.
• A person who cannot see but the eye specialist confirms that their glasses are normal exists.
• Pretending to be unconscious is comfirmed by checking pupillary reflex.
• Seeing flatworms causes salivation known as conditonne reflex.
• During combat while in a brawl is knocked out by punch, the right response from paramedics is to perform eye movement with pen light.
• A patient with right hemianopia who cannot speak the reason is due to from affect of the frontside ascendante and center point of contact for language.
• Patient with a cranial traumastism has a one sign of réflexe to be sought after to comfirm injuries.
• Having large feet is a Réflexe phenomenon.
• A child in in mother's womb receives oxygen due to in part through the cord connected between mother an baby.
• A patient has polyuria the cause could be due to a hyper excitability de reflexe de la miction.
• Incontinence is due to Syndrome de la queue de cheval.