Anatomia - Mod 1 - Etapa 3

• Anatomia - 3rd Stage, Module 1

Fetal Circulation

• Forame ovale is located between the atria in the heart, allowing blood to pass from the RA to the LA
• The foramen ovale closes after birth, forming the fossa ovalis
• Ductus arteriosus connects the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk, diverting little blood to the lungs, and more to the aorta
• The ductus arteriosus closes after birth, forming the arterial ligament
• Ductus venosus is a shunt that directs blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC, meaning a small portion of blood passes through the liver, and a larger portion bypasses it
• The ductus venosus closes after birth to form the venous ligament
• The umbilical vein transforms into the round ligament of the liver

Anatomy and Function of the Larynx

• The Larynx cartilages: arytenoid, cuneiform, thyroid, cricoid, corniculate, epiglottis
• Larynx function: allows air to pass between the pharynx and the trachea and prevents food from entering the airway
• The larynx, is a complex organ of voice production is formed by nine cartilages joined by membranes and ligaments, and contains the vocal folds.

Anatomy of the Trachea, Main Bronchi and Segments

• The trachea extends from the larynx to the thorax, terminating inferiorly by dividing into right and left main bronchi
• Its epithelium propels mucus and debris toward the pharynx for expulsion from the mouth
• The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left, entering directly into the hilum of the lung
• Each main bronchus (primary) divides into secondary lobar bronchi, supplying a lobe of the lung (3 on the right, and 2 on the left)
• Each lobar bronchus divides into multiple tertiary segmental bronchi, supplying the bronchopulmonary segments
• 20 to 25 generations of branched conducting bronchioles terminate as terminal bronchioles
• Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to several generations of respiratory bronchioles, the alveoli
• Alveoli are are the basic structural unit for gaseous exchange in the lungs

Anatomical Characteristics of the Lungs and Pleurae

• The principal function of the lungs is to oxygenate blood by bringing inspired air close to venous blood in pulmonary capillaries
• Right lung: has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior and oblique and horizontal fissures;
• Left lung: has 2 lobes: superior and inferior and oblique fissure
• Pleura: surrounds the lungs
• Visceral pleura: inner
• Parietal pleura: outer
• Interpleural space: located between the pleurae, and filled with lubricating fluid
• The number of mature alveoli differs between the lungs of a newborn and the lungs of a child, the number is 2x smaller in newborns

Vascular System and Irrigation of the Lungs

• The bronchial arteries originate off the thoracic aorta transporting oxygenated blood to the pulmonary tissues and visceral pleura along the posterior surface of the bronchi
• The thoracic aorta gives rise to the left bronchial arteries, while the solitary right bronchial artery emerges either from one of the superior posterior intercostal arteries or from the upper left bronchial artery
• These branches anastomose with branches of the pulmonary arteries, forming an arterial network
• The parietal pleura receives blood supply from the arteries along the posterior thoracic wall
• Bronchial veins primarily drain the proximal sections of each lung, that happen to be directly supplied by the bronchial arteries
• The pulmonary veins control venous drainage of the remainder of the lungs that include the visceral pleura, peripheral pulmonary tissues, distal sections of the bronchial hilum, and collect the blood flowing to the bronchial veins
• The pulmonary veins empty into azygos and hemiazygos veins

Lung Innervaton

• Lung innervation occurs via the pulmonary plexus traveling along the anterior and posterior aspects of the pulmonary roots
• Nervous structures contained within the pulmonary plexus contain postganglionic sympathetic fibers originating from the sympathetic trunks, that innervate the bronchial tree, pulmonary vessels, glands of the bronchial tree
• The sympathetic fibers includes stimulation for bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, and inhibition of glandular secretion
• Other fibers that travel along and are included in the pulmonary plexuses include preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that receive vagus nerve innervation (NC X), in addition to small ganglionic preganglionic parasympathetic nerves that innervate smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, pulmonary blood vessels, and bronchial glands
• The parasympathetic fibers functions include stimulation for bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, glandular secretomotor stimulation
• Visceral afferent fibers carry out their function by sending information that is needed in the cough reflex, stretch reception, blood pressure, chemoreception, and nociception
• The blood supply is arteries pulmoares, secondary lobar arteries, and tertiary segmental arteries
• Systemic circulation with the bronquial arteries, and arteries of the posterior thoracic wall
• Draining uses pulmonary veins to the left atrium and bronchial veins to the azygos and hemi-azygos veins
• Innervation for bronchial dilation, with parasympathetic nerve X for bronchoconstriction, vasodilation and glandular stimulation
• Drainage uses the pulmonary lymph nodes, and tracheobronchical lymph nodes.

Respiratory Anatomy of the Newborn

• At birth, a transition occurs for atmospheric respiraition within the lungs
• The segregation of fluid rich in Cl-, K+ and H+ allow for the alveoli to facilitate the exchange of gases.
• Low pulmonary resistance with closure facilitates systematic parallel circulation
• There is greater increase in the number of alveoli
• Smaller alveolar size causes greater chances of alveolar collapse.
• An adults lungs contain anatomical canals to allow for collateral ventilation as the children don't.

Anatomical and Functional Aspects of Liver and Biliary Tract

• The diaphragmatic surface of the liver is covered by visceral peritoneum, except posteriorly in the bare area of the liver where it is in direct contact with the diaphragm
• The visceral surface of the liver is also covered by the peritoneum with the exception of the gallbladder fossa, and porta hepatis, a transverse fissure where vessels, the hepatic nerve plexus, and hepatic ducts enter and exit and supply, in addition to drain the liver
• The round ligament is a fibrous remnant of the umbilical vein, carries oxygenated nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
• The Venous ligament is the remnant of fetal venous duct that that shunned blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC, past the liver
• The liver is divided into two anatomical lobes, being right and left, plus two accessory lobes, being caudate and quadrate
• The hepatic portal vein is the main route for blood into the liver that comes from the hepatic artery and biliary vein
• The hepatic triad consists of hepatic area, portal vein, and bile ducts
• The arteries carry rich O2 needed to nourish parenchymal tissue
• The portal vein carries ric CO2 blood into the inferior vena cava, lungs to be eliminated.
• The liver bile carries bile to the duodenum for storage in the gallbladder.

Biliar Vessels

• Bile ducts carry bile from the liver to duodenum
• Left and right hepatic drain the areas on either side.
• The hepatits unite to form the common hepatic duct that joins the cystic on the right to become bile duct running through the minor momentum.
• Bile comes into contact with pancreatic which joins the ampulla to to opened through the duodenal papilla.
• The bladder is made of three sections, the neck, body and fundus.

Vascularization and Innervation of Liver and Biliar Tract

• The liver has two primary blood vessel types of venous and lesser arterial
• 75 to 80% of this comes from the portal vein that carriers through digestive system
• 20 to 25% comes from the artery
• The porta vein it short with the union of the superior and splenic mesenteric
• The celiac trunk that has a division before separating into duodenal and hepatic branch.
• At the entrance portal, the artery and vein divide into right and left branches.
• Artery blood from the cystic, hepatic, duodenal areas from the choldochal branch
• The proximal duct venous drainage enters the liver, wereas the bile duct drains the pancreatoduodenal area into the porta vein.
• Blood that supplies the gallbladder blood comes from a cystic branch.
• The vein drainage comes from the the cystic and bladder veins.

Syntopy of the Hepatic Pedicle

• The portal is a connection of vasculature and nervous tissues.
• Enters into the hilum of the tissues.
• Consists of the common duct, the artery, with the vein posterior.
• This structure connects the liver to the bile vessels and gal bladder

Liver anatomy in the Newborn

• Fetus has a liver double the volume or weight.
• Due to adding support, the liver to big covering all of abdominal cavity pushing the sotomach more horizontal with potential morphological changes to the heart.

Anatomical and Functional Aspects of Medulla and Envelopes

• The medulla consists of white and darker tissue while the neurons are darker.
• Cuts show the the interior in an H shape.
• The meninges contain three layers of pia, arachnoid, and duaramter protecting the brain,
• This area has fluid with delicate tissue and the durameter connected the the neurocranium with extra tissue filled with fat.

Medullar Segments in Relation to Column

• A normal adult has 33 vertebrae organized into cerivcal thoracic and lumbar as well sacral and coccygeal
• The neurological system is of crainial spinal.
• Every spinal nerve has the same number/letter depending which is closest to the column.
• For the cervical each name is labeled by the lower border
• The number of lumber nerves relate into the limbs based on how the nerve inervates in the area.

Spinal Nerve Formation

• Spinal nerves start at the spinal cord, and pairs of nerves that comes from different places are labeled wit hletter and number designating them
• The nerves originate from the spinal cord that converges.
• Have one roots, in interior with motor nerve fibers along spinal cord.
• There is an external nerve that form afferent vessels to the core.
• These roots join making a mixed system.
• Each dermatory comes from innervation.
• These nerves send to send for muscular structures and ligaments where nerves communicate to form somic plexus.

Anatomy of Spinal Medulla and Vertebral Column During Neonatal Period

• When born 1/7 of mass is related to neurological system that decrease with development
• There is lack of curves with the spinal and mechanical requests for postural requests.
• Cervical is the first to show, around three month range that represents the motors ensory movement showing head control
• Lumabr shouws nine months of the neonate.

Divisions and Vasculature Esophogas and Gastric

• Esophagus has 3 constricting.
• This can be cervical in the neck or brochial relating to the aortic Arch.
• The diaphragm relates to the hiatus area where the structures pass though.
• The esophageal is divided into 3 parts with proximal medial
• The layers of the esophagus contain linear and circular tissues that intersect.
• The diaphragm contains in circular in the pillar of the structure where to meets the stomach at the cardiac Orifice.
• Around this is the plexus is a part where the arteries do the work with the abdominal area and veins.

Stomach Parts

• The stomach contains four sections, the cardiac by the opening, plus the fund that is dialted to the daighram under the esophageal section that forms between the two structures which is what divides them.
• The body runs between this fundus and piloric and the pilrica that has two areas leading to the smaller canal at the ending of the stomach
• The lining of the stomach that contains two curves, smaller and bigger
• Both of these sections form a J shape.
• There is artery that branches to stomach and the veins drain based on location.

Small and Large Intestine Parts and Vasculature

• The small intestine is formed of the duodenum with ileunim and jejunum
• The duo is short and the most fixed.
• There as the superior with 5 cm long, a decending 10 cm long, plus to 6 to 8 cm inferior portion with a descending 5 cm portion to the posterior
• He jeinum connects after the connection of the area with the other organs.
• The intestines contain 6 to 7 meters of length for absorption.
• Vessel come from collatic and duodenal.
• There are anstomic connections between the two
• The blood passes the vains to form the portal.
• Largely, this connects between the illio, appendicular and the secum
• The colon is formed by the secum, with transverse descend sigmoide.
• The secum lies by the iliac linking at the iliocacal.
• It's perioneal and has messenteric membrane to the posterior and appendicular that depends on location but retrocecal normal.
• The area will turn right from the liver.
• The transverse is the longest structure and descends down to a splenic connection before going down to the sygmoid area
• The Sigmoid forms from the the iliac to the secum area
• There all move to different degrees as different segments.
• Vascular from illiocolic to the transverse the sigmoid is supplied by a messenteric which turns and moves within the lumen of the structure's. At different areas due the origin blood supply location it may show changes

Neonatal Anatomy

• The longitudinal structure now moves horizontal with the neonate.
• 30 ml grows with with the neonate where 1500 ml occur during the childhood of the human.

Anatomy of Lymphatic System

• The lymphatic systems works to allow a system for fluid to move through for protein to come from tissue
• Lymphatic from vessels collect at the site where the structures are close
• The nodes are on the travel line and lymph is what they travel through
• Lymphocytes are what are produced in the areas of time and bone marrow
• Where blood does not cover this system does
• Superficial and deep cover the lymph at the nodes
• The drainage covers different areas of the structure with lymphatic structure
• The Lymph structure helps to take away things at some time
• Drain and absorb proteins and remove things from the blood.

Human Body Lymphatic Drainage

• Responsible for macromolecule of cells
• Vessels allow lymph to flow
• Contraction aid flow
• Vessels flow towards the vessels were they can block things this cause the swelling of edema as bacteria get filtered out.