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Questions and Answers
What was the primary significance of the Aberrigines in Roman history?
What was the primary significance of the Aberrigines in Roman history?
- Their connection to Rome's legendary origins as one of the earliest inhabitants of Latium. (correct)
- Their role as founders of the Roman Republic.
- Their advanced agricultural techniques influenced Roman farming practices.
- Their military prowess in defending Rome against early Etruscan invasions.
How did Tanaquil contribute to the rise of Roman Kings during the Roman Monarchy?
How did Tanaquil contribute to the rise of Roman Kings during the Roman Monarchy?
- By advocating for democratic reforms that limited royal power.
- By leading military campaigns that expanded Roman territory.
- By financing public works that improved Rome's infrastructure.
- By strategically securing her husband's and later Servius Tullius's rise to power through political influence. (correct)
What critical role did Centurions play in the Roman army?
What critical role did Centurions play in the Roman army?
- Commanding naval fleets in maritime battles.
- Maintaining discipline and battlefield tactics as commanders of 80–100 soldiers. (correct)
- Leading religious ceremonies to ensure divine favor in warfare.
- Serving as ambassadors to negotiate treaties with foreign powers.
How did Marcus Octavius influence Roman politics during his time as tribune?
How did Marcus Octavius influence Roman politics during his time as tribune?
What impact did the Greek 'Apoikia' have on Roman culture?
What impact did the Greek 'Apoikia' have on Roman culture?
How did Lucius Tarquinius Superbus's reign affect the development of Rome?
How did Lucius Tarquinius Superbus's reign affect the development of Rome?
What was the significance of Gaius Terentilius Harsa's efforts as tribune?
What was the significance of Gaius Terentilius Harsa's efforts as tribune?
How did Brennus and the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE impact Rome's subsequent development?
How did Brennus and the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE impact Rome's subsequent development?
How was the concept of 'Autochthony' utilized in Roman and Greek societies?
How was the concept of 'Autochthony' utilized in Roman and Greek societies?
What was Tullia Minor's role in the events leading to the end of the Roman monarchy?
What was Tullia Minor's role in the events leading to the end of the Roman monarchy?
How does the concept of 'Anacyclosis' relate to Roman history?
How does the concept of 'Anacyclosis' relate to Roman history?
What does the term 'civitas sine suffragio' reveal about Rome's approach to governing conquered territories?
What does the term 'civitas sine suffragio' reveal about Rome's approach to governing conquered territories?
What was the primary significance of the year 133 BCE in Roman history?
What was the primary significance of the year 133 BCE in Roman history?
How did 'Magna Graeca' influence the development of Roman society?
How did 'Magna Graeca' influence the development of Roman society?
What was the result of Lucretia's rape by Sextus Tarquinius?
What was the result of Lucretia's rape by Sextus Tarquinius?
What was the major outcome of the Valerio-Horatian laws?
What was the major outcome of the Valerio-Horatian laws?
What did the defeat at Caudine Forks reveal about Rome's military capabilities in 321 BCE?
What did the defeat at Caudine Forks reveal about Rome's military capabilities in 321 BCE?
How did Gaius Gracchus attempt to address social and economic inequality in Rome?
How did Gaius Gracchus attempt to address social and economic inequality in Rome?
What does the 'brontoscopic calendar' tell us about Etruscan and Roman religious practices?
What does the 'brontoscopic calendar' tell us about Etruscan and Roman religious practices?
How did Lucius Junius Brutus contribute to the establishment of the Roman Republic?
How did Lucius Junius Brutus contribute to the establishment of the Roman Republic?
What were the primary responsibilities of a 'Quaestor' in Roman government?
What were the primary responsibilities of a 'Quaestor' in Roman government?
What was the infamous punishment of 'sub iugum' and what did it symbolize?
What was the infamous punishment of 'sub iugum' and what did it symbolize?
How did Sulla's actions as a general and dictator impact the Roman Republic?
How did Sulla's actions as a general and dictator impact the Roman Republic?
What was the significance of the 'Twelve Tables' in Roman history?
What was the significance of the 'Twelve Tables' in Roman history?
How did Gaius Marius's military reforms affect the structure and loyalty of the Roman army?
How did Gaius Marius's military reforms affect the structure and loyalty of the Roman army?
Flashcards
Aberrigines
Aberrigines
An ancient Italic people believed to be among the earliest inhabitants of Latium, connected to Rome’s legendary origins.
Tanaquil
Tanaquil
Etruscan noblewoman and wife of Tarquinius Priscus, played a key role in securing her husband’s and later Servius Tullius’s rise to power.
Centurion
Centurion
A commander of roughly 80–100 soldiers in the Roman army, essential for maintaining discipline and battlefield tactics.
Marcus Octavius
Marcus Octavius
A tribune who opposed Tiberius Gracchus’s land reforms in 133 BCE, representing the Senate’s resistance to populist reforms.
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Apoikia
Apoikia
A Greek term for a colony, of which many were established in southern Italy (Magna Graecia), influencing Roman culture.
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Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
The last king of Rome (r. 535–509 BCE), overthrown for his tyranny, leading to the establishment of the Roman Republic.
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Brennus
Brennus
Gallic chieftain who led the sack of Rome in 390 BCE, demonstrating Rome’s vulnerability and influencing its military reforms.
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Autochthony
Autochthony
The idea of being native to a land rather than migrating from elsewhere, used in Roman and Greek mythology to establish legitimacy.
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Tullia Minor
Tullia Minor
Daughter of Servius Tullius and wife of Tarquinius Superbus, known for her role in her father’s murder.
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Anacyclosis
Anacyclosis
A cyclical theory of political evolution described by Polybius, relevant to Rome’s transitions between monarchy, republic, and empire.
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civitas sine suffragio
civitas sine suffragio
"Citizenship without the right to vote," a status given to some conquered peoples, showing Rome’s method of controlling territories.
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133 BCE
133 BCE
The year of Tiberius Gracchus’s land reform efforts and assassination, marking a turning point in the Republic’s political conflicts.
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Magna Graeca
Magna Graeca
"Great Greece," referring to Greek colonies in southern Italy that influenced Roman religion, art, and philosophy.
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Lucretia
Lucretia
Noblewoman whose rape by Sextus Tarquinius led to the fall of the monarchy and the rise of the Republic.
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Valerio-Horatian laws
Valerio-Horatian laws
Laws passed in 449 BCE that strengthened plebeian rights and solidified the role of tribunes.
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Caudine Forks
Caudine Forks
Site of a humiliating Roman defeat by the Samnites in 321 BCE during the Second Samnite War.
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Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Gracchus
Tribune and younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, known for his social and economic reforms.
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Lucius Junius Brutus
Lucius Junius Brutus
Founder of the Roman Republic, led the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus.
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509 BCE
509 BCE
The traditional date for the establishment of the Roman Republic after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus.
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Decemvirs
Decemvirs
A special commission of ten men who created the Twelve Tables, Rome’s first legal code.
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sub iugum
sub iugum
"Under the yoke," a humiliating practice forced upon defeated Roman soldiers.
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Messana
Messana
City in Sicily, key to the First Punic War.
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Jugurtha
Jugurtha
King of Numidia whose conflict with Rome (Jugurthine War) exposed corruption in the Roman Senate.
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Alba Longa
Alba Longa
A legendary city founded before Rome, considered its ancestral origin.
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Plebeian
Plebeian
The commoner class of Rome, historically in conflict with patricians over rights.
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- Likely refers to the Aborigines, an ancient Italic people who were among the earliest inhabitants of Latium, and are important to Rome's legendary origins.
- Etruscan noblewoman and wife of Rome's 5th king, Tarquinius Priscus, who helped her husband and Servius Tullius gain power.
- A relatively obscure historical figure, possibly a reference to a Roman jurist or political figure.
- A commander of roughly 80–100 soldiers in the Roman army, crucial for maintaining discipline and battlefield tactics.
- Tribune who opposed Tiberius Gracchus’s land reforms in 133 BCE, representing the Senate’s resistance to populist reforms.
- Greek term for a colony, established in southern Italy (Magna Graecia), influencing Roman culture.
- Last king of Rome (r. 535–509 BCE), overthrown for tyranny, leading to the establishment of the Roman Republic.
- Tribune in 462 BCE sought legal reforms limiting the power of consuls, reflecting early struggles between patricians and plebeians.
- Gallic chieftain, led the sack of Rome in 390 BCE, demonstrating Rome’s vulnerability and influencing its military reforms.
- Refers to Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, an opponent of the Gracchi.
- Being native to a land rather than migrating used in Roman and Greek mythology to establish legitimacy.
- Daughter of Servius Tullius and wife of Tarquinius Superbus, known for her role in her father’s murder.
- A cyclical theory of political evolution described by Polybius, relevant to Rome’s transitions between monarchy, republic, and empire.
- "Citizenship without the right to vote" given to some conquered peoples, demonstrating Rome’s method of controlling territories.
- The year of Tiberius Gracchus’s land reform efforts and assassination, marking a turning point in the Republic’s political conflicts.
- "Great Greece," referring to Greek colonies in southern Italy that influenced Roman religion, art, and philosophy.
- Noblewoman whose rape by Sextus Tarquinius led to the fall of the monarchy and the rise of the Republic.
- Laws passed in 449 BCE that strengthened plebeian rights and solidified the role of tribunes.
- Site of a humiliating Roman defeat by the Samnites in 321 BCE during the Second Samnite War.
- Tribune and younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, known for his social and economic reforms.
- An Etruscan religious text predicting events based on thunder, showing the influence of divination in Roman culture.
- Founder of the Roman Republic, led the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus.
- A lower magistrate in charge of financial and administrative duties.
- Samnite commander who defeated the Romans at Caudine Forks.
- General and consul known for military reforms that professionalized the Roman army.
- Greek spelling of Rome, used in historical and philosophical texts.
- The traditional date for the establishment of the Roman Republic, after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus.
- A special commission of ten men who created the Twelve Tables, Rome’s first legal code.
- "Under the yoke," a humiliating practice forced upon defeated Roman soldiers.
- General and dictator who reformed the Republic but set a precedent for military takeovers.
- "From the founding of the city," a phrase used in Roman history to mark years.
- The aristocratic ruling class of early Rome.
- A plebeian girl whose tragic death in 451 BCE highlighted abuses by the decemvirs.
- City in Sicily, key to the First Punic War.
- King of Numidia whose conflict with Rome (Jugurthine War) exposed corruption in the Roman Senate.
- A legendary city founded before Rome, considered its ancestral origin.
- The commoner class of Rome, historically in conflict with patricians over rights.
- Rome’s first codified laws (451–450 BCE), forming the foundation of Roman legal tradition.
- Likely Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal.
- Year of Sulla’s first march on Rome, marking the beginning of the civil wars.
- The practice of interpreting omens from birds, central to Roman religion.
- A bundle of rods with an axe, symbolizing Roman authority and magistrates’ power.
- A high-ranking magistrate, often overseeing judicial affairs.
- A major battle in 216 BCE where Hannibal annihilated a Roman army.
- Lists of enemies condemned to death, used by Sulla and later by the Second Triumvirate.
- Wife of Romulus, associated with the reconciliation of Romans and Sabines.
- Bodyguards of Roman magistrates, carrying fasces as a symbol of power.
- "Law of nations," Rome’s legal framework for dealing with non-citizens.
- A wealthy city in Campania, often a key player in Roman military and political history.
- A political alliance of three men, such as the First (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus) and Second (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus).
- A Roman maiden who betrayed the city to the Sabines and was crushed by shields.
- An influential politician, known for building the Via Appia and opposing plebeian rights.
- A 445 BCE law allowing marriage between patricians and plebeians.
- Leader of a major slave revolt against Rome (73–71 BCE).
- 48 BCE battle where Julius Caesar defeated Pompey.
- A temporary ruler appointed in the absence of consuls.
- Often involved in legal and military matters.
- Legal scholars who shaped Roman law.
- Leader of the First Servile War in Sicily.
- One of Julius Caesar’s assassins, claiming to restore the Republic.
- Rome’s second king, credited with establishing religious traditions.
- A form of protest where plebeians left the city, forcing political concessions.
- A vote by the plebeians, initially not binding on patricians.
- Tribune advocating for reforms, assassinated in 91 BCE.
- March 15, 44 BCE, when Caesar was assassinated.
- Nymph who advised Numa Pompilius.
- Consul known for mediating between patricians and plebeians.
- One of the Roman popular assemblies where citizens voted by tribe, elected lower magistrates, passed some laws, and played a role in Rome’s democratic elements.
- Mother of the Gracchi brothers and a model of Roman virtue and education, influencing their reformist policies.
- Roman general and politician, close ally of Julius Caesar who formed the Second Triumvirate and was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium (31 BCE).
- The third king of Rome, known for his warlike nature and destruction of Alba Longa, reinforcing Rome’s dominance.
- An elected official who represented the plebeians and had sacrosanctitas (protection from harm), could veto laws and magistrates, playing a key role.
- The standard short sword of Roman legionaries, instrumental in Rome’s military success.
- Tribune in 133 BCE who attempted land reforms to help the poor, whose murder marked a shift toward political violence in Rome.
- The first emperor of Rome (r. 27 BCE–14 CE) ended the Republic and established the Principate, shaping Roman governance for centuries.
- A legendary hero, known for defeating the Curiatii triplets in Rome’s early history, symbolizing duty and sacrifice.
- The legal act of freeing a slave, which allowed many to become liberti (freedpeople) and gain partial citizenship.
- Military camps that became the foundation for many Roman towns and cities.
- Rome’s allied states in Italy, required to provide troops but initially denied citizenship, whose discontent led to the Social War (91–88 BCE).
- The conservative senatorial faction in the late Republic, opposed to populist leaders like the Gracchi and Julius Caesar.
- An Etruscan title for a noble or ruler; Tarquinius Priscus, Rome’s fifth king, was originally an Etruscan lucumo.
- A freedman or freedwoman where freed slaves could become wealthy and influential but had obligations to their former masters.
- The military oath taken by Roman soldiers, binding them to loyalty and discipline.
- A collection of biographies by Plutarch, comparing Greek and Roman figures, which shaped later historical and moral thought.
- Meaning "first citizen," a title adopted by Augustus to avoid the appearance of monarchy while centralizing power, marking the start of the Roman Empire.
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