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Questions and Answers
What is the primary biosynthetic origin of quinoline alkaloids?
What is the primary biosynthetic origin of quinoline alkaloids?
Which plant family is recognized as a rich source of quinoline alkaloids?
Which plant family is recognized as a rich source of quinoline alkaloids?
Which of the following is NOT a property of quinine?
Which of the following is NOT a property of quinine?
From which amino acid are isoquinoline alkaloids derived?
From which amino acid are isoquinoline alkaloids derived?
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Isoquinoline alkaloids are commonly found in which of the following plant families?
Isoquinoline alkaloids are commonly found in which of the following plant families?
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What characteristic do quinidine and quinine share?
What characteristic do quinidine and quinine share?
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The quinoline nucleus has become important in what area of research?
The quinoline nucleus has become important in what area of research?
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Which alkaloid is associated primarily with Cephaelis ipecacuanha?
Which alkaloid is associated primarily with Cephaelis ipecacuanha?
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What type of alkaloids are noscapine and papaverine classified as?
What type of alkaloids are noscapine and papaverine classified as?
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What is the main use of naloxone?
What is the main use of naloxone?
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Which plant is the source of vinblastine and vincristine?
Which plant is the source of vinblastine and vincristine?
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What is the primary active compound found in Calabar beans?
What is the primary active compound found in Calabar beans?
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Which alkaloids are derived from the fungus Claviceps purpurea?
Which alkaloids are derived from the fungus Claviceps purpurea?
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In which of the following is the distribution of indole alkaloids most prevalent?
In which of the following is the distribution of indole alkaloids most prevalent?
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What type of activity is primarily associated with narceine?
What type of activity is primarily associated with narceine?
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Which of the following is considered a synthetic form of an opioid?
Which of the following is considered a synthetic form of an opioid?
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Which alkaloid is most active and less toxic for use in obstetrics?
Which alkaloid is most active and less toxic for use in obstetrics?
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What is a symptom of ergot poisoning seen in Anthony's fire?
What is a symptom of ergot poisoning seen in Anthony's fire?
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Which group of alkaloids is known to be water insoluble?
Which group of alkaloids is known to be water insoluble?
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Which of the following alkaloids is primarily used for treating migraine headaches?
Which of the following alkaloids is primarily used for treating migraine headaches?
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What is the chemical formula for Ergometrine?
What is the chemical formula for Ergometrine?
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What is one of the main active ingredients in ipecac used for suspected poisoning?
What is one of the main active ingredients in ipecac used for suspected poisoning?
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Which alkaloid belongs to the ergotamine group and was discovered by Smith & Timmis?
Which alkaloid belongs to the ergotamine group and was discovered by Smith & Timmis?
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What gastrointestinal effect can result from ergot poisoning?
What gastrointestinal effect can result from ergot poisoning?
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Which condition is a contraindication for the use of ipecac?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of ipecac?
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What notable effect is shared by all natural ergot alkaloids on the uterus?
What notable effect is shared by all natural ergot alkaloids on the uterus?
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What type of receptors does tubocurarine act on?
What type of receptors does tubocurarine act on?
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Which of the following is a potential risk of misuse of ipecac in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following is a potential risk of misuse of ipecac in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
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Which of the following substances is considered a safer alternative to tubocurarine?
Which of the following substances is considered a safer alternative to tubocurarine?
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What is the family classification of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy?
What is the family classification of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy?
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What type of compound is tubocurarine classified as?
What type of compound is tubocurarine classified as?
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Which component of opium is known for its strong CNS depressant activity?
Which component of opium is known for its strong CNS depressant activity?
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Study Notes
Quinoline and Isoquinoline Alkaloids
- Quinoline alkaloids are derived from anthranilic acid.
- Isoquinoline alkaloids are derived from tyrosine.
- Quinoline alkaloids are mainly found in Rutaceous plants, but also found in Annonaceae and Moraceae families.
- Cinchona spp. belongs to the Rubiaceae family. The bark is a rich source of quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine.
- Quinine has antipyretic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste.
- Quinidine is used for treating cardiac arrhythmias.
- The quinoline nucleus is now of interest in the development of anticancer compounds.
- Isoquinoline alkaloids are widely distributed in Papaveraceae (tetrahydro-bases), Berberidaceae, Fumariaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, and Annonaceae plants.
- Cephaelis ipecacuanha (ipecac) belongs to the Rubiaceae family. Alkaloids present in roots, used for suspected poisoning. Main active compounds include emetine, cephalein and psychotrine. Ipecac causes gastric irritation leading to vomiting.
- Ipecac is used orally in suspected poisoning or severe amoebic dysentery, and as an expectorant. It is contraindicated in digestive disorders.
- Large doses of emetine can damage the heart, liver, kidneys, intestinal tract, and skeletal muscles.
- Misuse can lead to anorexia nervosa, bulimia, myopathy, lethargy, erythema, cardiotoxicity and even death.
- Chondodendron tomentosum: stems are a source of curare (d-tubocurarine), belonging to the Menispermaceae family. Tubocurarine is a benzylisoquinoline type, quaternary ammonium compound. It is soluble in water and alcohol, but insoluble in chloroform, acetone and ether.
- Tubocurarine is a competitive antagonist at cholinergic nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. It is relatively contraindicated in asthmatic patients and those with allergic tendencies. It is now replaced by safer skeletal muscle relaxants like rocuronium, vecuronium and atracurium.
- Papaver somniferum: commonly known as opium poppy, belonging to the Papaveraceae family. Opium is the air-dried, milky exudate obtained from unripe capsules of the plant.
- Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine are phenanthrene-based, strong alkaline, highly toxic compounds with significant CNS depressant activity.
- Noscapine (Narcotine), Narceine, and Papaverine contain benzyl-isoquinoline, are weak bases, slightly toxic and have significant antispasmodic activity.
- Naloxone is a narcotic antagonist with no analgesic effect. Used in heroin addiction, competing with narcotics for sites on narcotic receptors.
Indole Alkaloids
- Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing an indole structural moiety. Many include isoprene groups, and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids.
- Indole alkaloids are widely distributed in flowering plants, also found in fungi (ergot) and some Convolvulaceae species.
- Physostigma venenosum: Calabar beans (dried ripe seeds), west Africa, major active is physostigmine. Physostigmine (eserine) is present to the extent of 0.15-0.3%.
- Vinca alkaloids: Obtained from Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle plant) of the Apocynaceae family. 90 alkaloids have been isolated. Vinblastine (VLB) and Vincristine (LC) are significant examples.
Ergot Alkaloids
- Ergot is the dried sclerotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea, arising in the rye ovary of Europe.
- In the Middle Ages, humans suffered from St. Anthony's fire (ergot poisoning). Burning skin, insects crawling under skin, and loss of hands and feet (gangrene) were symptoms.
- Six pairs of alkaloids are known, divided into three groups : water soluble (Ergometrine or Ergonovine), water insoluble (Ergotamine), and water insoluble (Ergotoxine) groups.
- Alkaloids are combined with lysergic acid or isolysergic acid, which contribute to their physiological activity.
- Ergot derivatives are used in obstetrics (for uterine contractions), prevention of migraine, and potentially Parkinson’s disease (dopamine agonists).
Assignment
- Identification tests for different alkaloid classes.
- Physical and chemical properties of quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids.
- Doses of ipecac used locally for various conditions.
- Notes on Rauwolfia serpentina.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids, derived from anthranilic acid and tyrosine respectively. Learn about their sources, properties, and medicinal uses, including their role in treating malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. This quiz covers key plants and their alkaloid content.
