Questionnaire and Scale Development
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary advantage of using fixed response questionnaires?

  • They automatically adjust for cultural differences.
  • They allow for profound personal expression.
  • They can be administered without the need for a researcher.
  • They have been extensively validated with known properties. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a reason for using scales in psychological measurement?

  • To provide subjective opinions. (correct)
  • To diagnose symptoms effectively.
  • To overcome communication problems.
  • To measure outcomes like quality of life.

    • Which statement best describes a self-report administered questionnaire?

  • A clinician helps the respondent answer each question.
  • Someone familiar with the respondent answers on their behalf.
  • The questions are designed to be answered by multiple observers.
  • The respondent completes the questionnaire independently. (correct)

    • What is the first step in developing a questionnaire?

    <p>Identify the constructs that need to be measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when developing a questionnaire to avoid stigma?

    <p>Avoid labels that may carry negative connotations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is stakeholder input important in questionnaire development?

    <p>They help ensure clarity and relevance of concepts and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions should be avoided to maintain the neutrality of a questionnaire?

    <p>Questions with an implicit premise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using fixed response questionnaires?

    <p>They may overlook subjectively important issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of piloting a questionnaire?

    <p>To refine the questionnaire based on participant feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reliability assesses agreement between multiple observers?

    <p>Inter-rater reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a Cohen’s Kappa value greater than 0.75?

    <p>Excellent inter-rater reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of validity examines whether the items of a questionnaire adequately represent the concepts being measured?

    <p>Content validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reliability do researchers check the consistency of scores for individuals across multiple measurements?

    <p>Test-retest reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity involves asking whether a measure predicts relevant outcomes?

    <p>Criterion validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a source of bias when administering questionnaires?

    <p>Participants feeling bored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a sign of poor internal consistency?

    <p>Scores are inconsistent across items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bias occurs when respondents consistently provide the same type of answer regardless of the question?

    <p>Acquiescence bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about face validity is true?

    <p>It involves non-expert opinions about whether a measure appears to assess the right concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for administering questionnaires through interviews rather than self-reports?

    <p>Interviews reduce the risk of misinterpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consideration is crucial when developing a questionnaire to ensure cultural appropriateness?

    <p>Ensuring the language and concepts are meaningful to the target population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of using fixed response questionnaires?

    <p>They often fail to capture subjectively important issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key step in refining a questionnaire after its pilot phase?

    <p>Conducting a detailed analysis of its reliability and validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can stakeholder input help ensure during questionnaire development?

    <p>Ensure the questionnaire covers concepts that are deemed important by users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue can arise from leading questions in a questionnaire?

    <p>They can bias responses and affect neutrality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to conduct a literature review when developing a new questionnaire?

    <p>To identify and adapt existing validated questionnaires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using self-report methods in questionnaire administration?

    <p>They may enhance respondent honesty and comfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by parallel forms reliability in the context of measurement instruments?

    <p>Comparison of two different forms of an instrument to assess consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial to ensure good content validity in a questionnaire?

    <p>Consulting stakeholders and experts in the field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biases may occur when respondents answer questions in a socially desirable manner?

    <p>Presentation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Cronbach's alpha value greater than 0.7 indicate about an instrument's reliability?

    <p>The instrument has good internal consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of piloting a questionnaire?

    <p>To refine the questionnaire based on participant feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychometrics, what is referred to when a measure demonstrates sensitivity to change?

    <p>It captures changes effectively as they occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Face validity is primarily concerned with which of the following?

    <p>Whether the items on the questionnaire look appropriate to experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of translation problems in questionnaires?

    <p>Misinterpretation of psychological terms across cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding test-retest reliability?

    <p>The stability of responses over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a questionnaire could lead to acquiescence bias?

    <p>Including reverse-scored items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Questionnaire and Scale Development

    • Instruments used to gather standardized information, often for measuring specific concepts (constructs).
    • Scales are a type of questionnaire focused on particular constructs/attributes.
    • Questionnaires can be fixed-response or open-ended, providing different levels of objectivity and depth.

    Types of Questionnaires

    • Fixed-response questionnaires: More objective, administered via mail or internet, but can be limiting and miss nuanced information. Validated by research, developed to measure clear constructs, can be more objective, and can be mailed/delivered over the internet. However, they can be constraining, unnatural, and miss subjectively important issues.
    • Open-ended questionnaires: Allow for qualitative analysis of responses.

    Purposes of Scales

    • Diagnosis and symptom identification.
    • Measurement of psychological processes (e.g., metacognition).
    • Measuring outcomes (e.g., quality of life, satisfaction with treatment).
    • Overcoming communication barriers (using scales when direct communication is difficult).

    Administration Methods

    • Self-report: Participant completes the questionnaire independently.
    • Interviewer-administered: Clinician or researcher directly administers the questions.
    • Informant-based: Individuals familiar with the participant answer on their behalf.

    Developing a Questionnaire

    • Identify constructs: Determine specific characteristics to be measured.
    • Literature review: Research existing measures of similar constructs; Assess existing questionnaires, evaluate suitability for adaptation, or develop a new scale.
    • Stakeholder consultation (iterative): Engage individuals with relevant experience (lived experience) for input, ensure comprehensiveness, and make concepts/language meaningful. Refine based on feedback.
    • Develop questions: Create questions suitable for chosen response format (open-ended, closed-ended, statement ratings).
    • Pilot testing: Refine questionnaire based on pilot study findings.
    • Psychometric evaluation: Assess questionnaire's reliability and validity. Iterate and study further.

    Identifying the Need for a Questionnaire

    • Clear definition of scope: Specify what the measure precisely intends to evaluate.
    • New research questions/theoretical basis: Ensure clear rationale for development. Define constructs clearly and describe the theoretical basis.

    Literature Review

    • Assess existing questionnaires/scales. Determine if existing measures are appropriate and acceptable for adaptation. Explore the possibility of adapting or developing a new questionnaire.

    Stakeholder Input

    • Lived experience: Include input from individuals with direct experience with the phenomenon to refine and ensure the questionnaire's relevance to the experience.
    • Co-production: Collaboration to refine the questionnaire during various stages of development.

    Considerations

    • Coverage: Questionnaire should adequately represent important features of the measured construct.
    • Stigma: Consider potentially negative connotations of terms and phraseology.
    • Relevance: Questionnaire should match the specific needs of the target population (age-appropriate, culturally appropriate, people with intellectual disabilities).
    • Length, layout: Ensure the questionnaire is user-friendly and easy to navigate. Technical aspects including length, layout, and responsiveness are important for use.

    Neutrality

    • Avoid implicit premises: Questions should not incorporate hidden assumptions.
    • Avoid leading questions: Questions should be neutral and not suggest a specific answer. Avoid leading/value judgments.
    • Avoid value judgments: Questions should not present the researcher's opinion.

    Framing and Introduction

    • Friendly explanation: Provide a clear and welcoming introduction. Include instructions, time estimate for completion, and demographic sections.

    Question Formats

    • Open-ended questions: Allow for qualitative analysis of responses (e.g., "What factors influence your referral decisions?").
    • Closed-ended questions: Enable quantitative analysis by providing respondents with a limited number of pre-defined choices (e.g., “Do you ever feel as if your own thoughts were being echoed back to you?”).
    • Statement ratings: Present statements, and respondents rate their agreement or disagreement with each (e.g., "Unpleasant thoughts come into my mind...").

    Response Formats

    (Note: Specific response formats were not detailed in the provided text)

    Sources of Bias

    • Boredom: Long questionnaires can lead to decreased attention and reliability.
    • Translation issues: Cultural differences can affect understanding and responses.
    • Presentation biases: Format can influence how respondents interpret questions. (e.g., social desirability biases, deception, acquiescence bias - reverse scoring in consideration)

    Piloting

    • Representative sample: Participants should be representative of the target population.
    • Assess clarity & usability: Analyze instructions, wording, and comprehensiveness of collected information.
    • Gather feedback: Obtain participant feedback.
    • Range of responses: Check for an adequate range of responses.
    • Completion time: Estimate questionnaire completion time.

    Development Process

    • Refine & iterate: Develop a consistent refinement process with feedback in various stages (e.g. interviews, focus groups).
    • Clarity: Ensure questions and scales are understandable.
    • Feedback incorporation: Incorporate stakeholder feedback.
    • Participant explanations: Ask participants to explain items in their own words.

    Psychometric Properties

    • Reliability: Consistency and replicability of measurements (inter-rater, test-retest, internal consistency, parallel forms). Reliability of measurement can be affected by imprecise instruments, raters and fluctuations in the construct being measured.
    • Validity: Accuracy in measuring the intended construct (face, content, criterion [concurrent, predictive], construct [convergent, divergent, structural]).
    • Feasibility & Acceptability: Practical considerations in administering the measure; is it realistic to administer, is it burdensome, or intrusive?
    • Sensitivity to change/responsiveness: Ability to detect clinically significant/subjectively important changes.
    • Appropriate scaling: Prevent floor/ceiling effects (avoid most participants scoring very low/very high).
    • Relevance: Does the measured construct align with its intended use?

    Reliability

    • Inter-rater reliability: Agreement between multiple raters (e.g., Cohen's Kappa > 0.75 = excellent).
    • Test-retest reliability: Stability of measures over time (e.g., correlation coefficient > 0.7 = good).
    • Internal consistency: Consistency within the scale (e.g., Cronbach's alpha > 0.7 = good).
    • Parallel forms reliability: Comparing results of two different versions of the scale.

    Validity

    • Face validity: Questionnaire's apparent appropriateness.
    • Content validity: Extent to which the items appropriately cover the construct (achieved through literature review, expert discussions, and stakeholder input).
    • Criterion validity: Agreement with other established measures (concurrent and predictive).
    • Construct validity: How well the measure performs in practice (convergent, divergent, and structural validity components assessed through factor analysis).

    Context

    • Cultural sensitivity: Instruments should be validated in each new cultural context.
    • Translation: Careful translation process is critical for cultural appropriateness.

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    Description

    Explore the different types of questionnaires and scales used in psychological measurement. This quiz covers their purposes, administration methods, and the unique aspects of fixed-response instruments. Test your understanding of how these tools contribute to diagnosing, measuring outcomes, and overcoming communication barriers.

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