Quarks

Quarks are fundamental particles that make up matter.

There are six flavors of quarks.

The three generations or families of quarks are the first, second, and third generations.

<p>Each quark has a fractional electric charge, which can be either +2/3 or -1/3 times the elementary charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hadrons are particles that include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons, which always confine quarks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative dating is a method used to determine the relative order of events or objects in the Earth's history or within a specific archaeological site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Law of Superposition states that in a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks are at the top, and the oldest rocks are at the bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Principle of Original Horizontality assumes that sedimentary layers were originally deposited horizontally. Any deviation from horizontal indicates some geological disturbance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Principle of Lateral Continuity states that layers of sediment extend laterally in all directions until they thin out or are interrupted by a barrier. This helps in correlating rock layers over distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships helps determine the relative ages of geological features such as faults and intrusions. If one feature cuts across another, it is younger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Principle of Inclusions states that if one rock contains fragments of another rock, the rock containing the fragments is younger. Inclusions are often used to establish the relative age of igneous intrusions within sedimentary rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative dating techniques do not provide specific numerical ages, but they allow scientists to establish a relative chronological order of events and materials. When combined with other methods like radiometric dating (which provides absolute ages), a more comprehensive understanding of the geological or archaeological history can be achieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event. Development of eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of stable continents and the earliest multicellular life. Appearance of complex life forms like algae, early animals, and the first multicellular organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explosive diversification of life, including the Cambrian Explosion, the development of modern ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, significant climatic changes, and the evolution of various life forms. Includes the rise of dinosaurs, mammals, and the development of modern plant communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergence of early fish, amphibians, and the first land-dwelling vertebrates. The colonization of land by plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of coal deposits and the Appalachian Mountains. Extensive coral reefs and the extinction events at the end of the era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dominance of dinosaurs and the emergence of birds and early mammals. Spread of flowering plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the supercontinent Pangaea and the splitting of continents. The rise of the Rocky Mountains. Mass extinction event at the end of the era, marking the extinction of many dinosaur species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age of mammals, with the emergence of modern mammals and the evolution of primates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of the Himalayan Mountains and the cooling of the climate. The appearance of modern ecosystems and the evolution of early humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers