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Questions and Answers
What determines the valence of an element?
What determines the valence of an element?
Which type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share a pair of electrons?
Which type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share a pair of electrons?
In ionic compounds, which group of elements is most likely to form cations?
In ionic compounds, which group of elements is most likely to form cations?
What happens to the size of an anion compared to its parent atom?
What happens to the size of an anion compared to its parent atom?
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What is the term used to describe an atom that has lost electron(s)?
What is the term used to describe an atom that has lost electron(s)?
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What type of state has higher energy than the ground state of an atom or molecule?
What type of state has higher energy than the ground state of an atom or molecule?
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Which quantum number describes the size of orbitals and the relative distance of electrons from the nucleus?
Which quantum number describes the size of orbitals and the relative distance of electrons from the nucleus?
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Which quantum number refers to the shape of the orbitals in an atom?
Which quantum number refers to the shape of the orbitals in an atom?
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According to Pauli's exclusion principle, how many electrons can occupy an orbital?
According to Pauli's exclusion principle, how many electrons can occupy an orbital?
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What rule states that electrons must distribute singly before pairing in orbitals?
What rule states that electrons must distribute singly before pairing in orbitals?
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What is the lowest energy state of an atom called?
What is the lowest energy state of an atom called?
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How does the orbital size change with increasing n-value?
How does the orbital size change with increasing n-value?
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What did Woehler achieve by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate in 1828?
What did Woehler achieve by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate in 1828?
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Which scientist is known for noting that organic compounds always contain the element carbon?
Which scientist is known for noting that organic compounds always contain the element carbon?
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What did Kekule and Couper demonstrate in 1858 that led to the concept of catenation?
What did Kekule and Couper demonstrate in 1858 that led to the concept of catenation?
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Why do organic compounds generally have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds?
Why do organic compounds generally have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds?
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What characteristic makes organic compounds nonpolar in nature?
What characteristic makes organic compounds nonpolar in nature?
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Why do organic compounds react slower than ionic compounds?
Why do organic compounds react slower than ionic compounds?
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What is the main reason atoms share their valence electrons?
What is the main reason atoms share their valence electrons?
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Which type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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In which type of covalent bond is there a partial positive and partial negative charge along the bond?
In which type of covalent bond is there a partial positive and partial negative charge along the bond?
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Which type of bond results from equal or almost equal sharing of electrons?
Which type of bond results from equal or almost equal sharing of electrons?
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When does ionic bonding occur between atoms?
When does ionic bonding occur between atoms?
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Which kind of covalent bond has the least difference in electronegativity values between combining atoms?
Which kind of covalent bond has the least difference in electronegativity values between combining atoms?
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What is the role of electrons in thermal conductivity?
What is the role of electrons in thermal conductivity?
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In a neutral atom, what is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons?
In a neutral atom, what is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons?
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What does the atomic number (Z) represent in an atom?
What does the atomic number (Z) represent in an atom?
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How is the mass number (A) calculated?
How is the mass number (A) calculated?
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an orbital?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an orbital?
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How do electron shells affect the chemical properties of an element?
How do electron shells affect the chemical properties of an element?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atoms naturally fall towards the lowest energy state or ground state.
- Excited state: any state other than the ground state of an atom or molecule, with higher energy than the ground state.
Chemical Bonding
- Chemical bond: the electrostatic force that holds atoms in a compound or molecule.
- Formed through gain/loss of electrons or sharing of electrons between atoms.
Ions
- Cation: positively charged atom of an element, formed when an atom loses electrons.
- Anion: negatively charged atom of an element, formed when an atom gains electrons.
Valence
- Ability of an atom to form bonds, determined by the number of electrons in the outermost level.
- Elements most likely to form cations: Group IA and IIA.
- Elements most likely to form anions: halogens (Group VIIA).
Covalent Bonding
- Formed when atoms share a pair of electrons to form covalent molecules.
Organic Chemistry
- Study of carbon, its compounds, and reactions.
- Over 16 million carbon-containing compounds known due to strong C-C and C-H bonds.
- Characteristics of organic compounds: nonpolar, insoluble in water, low melting and boiling points, and react slowly.
Catenation
- Unique property of carbon to bond with itself, forming chains and rings.
Electron Configuration
- Distribution of electrons in energy levels and sublevels of an atom.
- Rules for writing electronic configurations: Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.
States of an Atom
- Ground state: the lowest energy state or most stable state of an atom, molecule, or ion.
- Excited state: any state other than the ground state, with higher energy.
Bonding Types
- Ionic bonding: formed through electron transfer between atoms.
- Covalent bonding: classified into polar and non-polar covalent bonds.
- Polar covalent bond: unequal sharing of electrons between atoms with a large difference in electronegativity values.
- Non-polar covalent bond: equal sharing of electrons between atoms with close electronegativity values.
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Description
Learn about different quantum numbers like principal, magnetic, spin, and angular momentum, and how they describe the properties of electrons in an atom. Understand electron configuration and how it represents the distribution of electrons in energy levels and sublevels.
