Quantum Numbers and Electron Configuration
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Quantum Numbers and Electron Configuration

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Questions and Answers

What determines the valence of an element?

  • Total number of electrons in the atom
  • Number of neutrons in the nucleus
  • Number of electrons in the outermost level (correct)
  • Number of protons in the nucleus

    • Which type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share a pair of electrons?

  • Hydrogen bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Metallic bond
  • Ionic bond

    • In ionic compounds, which group of elements is most likely to form cations?

  • Group IIA
  • Group VIIA (halogens)
  • Group IA (correct)
  • Transition metals

    • What happens to the size of an anion compared to its parent atom?

    <p>Anion size increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an atom that has lost electron(s)?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of state has higher energy than the ground state of an atom or molecule?

    <p>Excited state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quantum number describes the size of orbitals and the relative distance of electrons from the nucleus?

    <p>Principal quantum number (n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quantum number refers to the shape of the orbitals in an atom?

    <p>Angular momentum quantum number (l)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pauli's exclusion principle, how many electrons can occupy an orbital?

    <p>2 electrons with opposite spins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rule states that electrons must distribute singly before pairing in orbitals?

    <p>Hund's rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest energy state of an atom called?

    <p>Ground state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the orbital size change with increasing n-value?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Woehler achieve by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate in 1828?

    <p>He disproved the vital force theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known for noting that organic compounds always contain the element carbon?

    <p>Gmelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kekule and Couper demonstrate in 1858 that led to the concept of catenation?

    <p>Carbon can form an infinite number of chain and ring compounds through covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do organic compounds generally have low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds?

    <p>As a result of weak intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes organic compounds nonpolar in nature?

    <p>Their tendency to not dissolve in polar solvents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do organic compounds react slower than ionic compounds?

    <p>As a result of the strong covalent bonds between atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason atoms share their valence electrons?

    <p>To create a noble gas configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of covalent bond is there a partial positive and partial negative charge along the bond?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond results from equal or almost equal sharing of electrons?

    <p>Non-polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ionic bonding occur between atoms?

    <p>When electrons transfer from one atom to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kind of covalent bond has the least difference in electronegativity values between combining atoms?

    <p>Non-polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrons in thermal conductivity?

    <p>Contribute to thermal conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a neutral atom, what is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons?

    <p>Number of protons is equal to electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number (Z) represent in an atom?

    <p>Number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mass number (A) calculated?

    <p>(Number of protons/electrons) + number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an orbital?

    <p>8 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electron shells affect the chemical properties of an element?

    <p>They determine the chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms naturally fall towards the lowest energy state or ground state.
    • Excited state: any state other than the ground state of an atom or molecule, with higher energy than the ground state.

    Chemical Bonding

    • Chemical bond: the electrostatic force that holds atoms in a compound or molecule.
    • Formed through gain/loss of electrons or sharing of electrons between atoms.

    Ions

    • Cation: positively charged atom of an element, formed when an atom loses electrons.
    • Anion: negatively charged atom of an element, formed when an atom gains electrons.

    Valence

    • Ability of an atom to form bonds, determined by the number of electrons in the outermost level.
    • Elements most likely to form cations: Group IA and IIA.
    • Elements most likely to form anions: halogens (Group VIIA).

    Covalent Bonding

    • Formed when atoms share a pair of electrons to form covalent molecules.

    Organic Chemistry

    • Study of carbon, its compounds, and reactions.
    • Over 16 million carbon-containing compounds known due to strong C-C and C-H bonds.
    • Characteristics of organic compounds: nonpolar, insoluble in water, low melting and boiling points, and react slowly.

    Catenation

    • Unique property of carbon to bond with itself, forming chains and rings.

    Electron Configuration

    • Distribution of electrons in energy levels and sublevels of an atom.
    • Rules for writing electronic configurations: Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

    States of an Atom

    • Ground state: the lowest energy state or most stable state of an atom, molecule, or ion.
    • Excited state: any state other than the ground state, with higher energy.

    Bonding Types

    • Ionic bonding: formed through electron transfer between atoms.
    • Covalent bonding: classified into polar and non-polar covalent bonds.
    • Polar covalent bond: unequal sharing of electrons between atoms with a large difference in electronegativity values.
    • Non-polar covalent bond: equal sharing of electrons between atoms with close electronegativity values.

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    Description

    Learn about different quantum numbers like principal, magnetic, spin, and angular momentum, and how they describe the properties of electrons in an atom. Understand electron configuration and how it represents the distribution of electrons in energy levels and sublevels.

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