29 Questions
What was the primary material used during the Stone Age?
Stone
Approximately what year did the use of iron and steel begin?
1200 BC
What scientific understanding enabled the development of Materials Science?
Quantum Mechanics
What is the focus of Materials Science?
The relationship between material properties and microstructure
When was the discovery of a cheap process to make steel made?
1850
What is the combination of physics, chemistry, and the focus on material properties and microstructure known as?
Materials Science
What is the nature of the orbits of electrons in an atom according to quantum mechanics?
Fuzzy orbits with a probability of finding them at certain distances
What is the significance of the principal quantum number n in atomic orbitals?
It determines the size of the orbital
What is the Pauli exclusion principle in atomic structure?
Only two electrons can occupy an orbit with a given n, l, m
What is the characteristic of the noble gases in the periodic table?
They have closed shells and do not gain or lose electrons
What is the term for the ability of an atom to gain or lose electrons to form a closed shell?
Electronegativity
What is the result of the formation of a closed shell in molecules?
The formation of a molecular shell
What is the primary reason why metals have high electrical and thermal conductivity?
Electrons move freely from one atom to another
Which of the following elements is not a metalloid?
S
What is the primary characteristic of the noble gases?
They have a fully filled outermost orbital
What is the general trend for the light metals in the periodic table?
They are soft and chemically reactive
What is the significance of the atomic number in the periodic table?
It determines the number of protons in an atom
Which element is an exception to the general rule that metals are solid at room temperature?
Hg
What is the primary mechanism behind the formation of an ionic bond?
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
What is the characteristic of ionic bonds in terms of directionality?
Non-directional
In an ionic bond, which of the following is responsible for the attraction between the oppositely charged ions?
Electrostatic attraction
What is the purpose of the fractional ionic bonding formula?
To quantify the degree of ionic character in a bond
Why do positive and negative ions alternate in a symmetrical fashion in an ionic solid?
To preserve the charge neutrality
What is the typical combination of bonding in real solids?
Ionic bonding combined with covalent bonding
What is the force that holds ions together, according to the given formula?
Attractive force
What is the primary reason for the formation of covalent bonds?
To achieve a complete outer electron shell
What is the characteristic of a covalent bond?
It is directional
What is the energy of a covalent bond represented by?
U = -A + Br^-n
What type of elements typically form covalent bonds with each other?
Non-metallic elements
Test your understanding of electron orbits in quantum mechanics, including the concept of probability and quantized energy levels. Learn how principal quantum numbers define the size of orbits and why the mini planetary system analogy is incorrect.
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