Quantum Mechanics of Electron Orbits
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary material used during the Stone Age?

  • Stone (correct)
  • Copper
  • Iron
  • Steel

Approximately what year did the use of iron and steel begin?

  • 1000 BC
  • 1500 BC
  • 2000 BC
  • 1200 BC (correct)

What scientific understanding enabled the development of Materials Science?

  • Classical Mechanics
  • Electromagnetism
  • Thermodynamics
  • Quantum Mechanics (correct)

What is the focus of Materials Science?

<p>The relationship between material properties and microstructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the discovery of a cheap process to make steel made?

<p>1850 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of physics, chemistry, and the focus on material properties and microstructure known as?

<p>Materials Science (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the orbits of electrons in an atom according to quantum mechanics?

<p>Fuzzy orbits with a probability of finding them at certain distances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the principal quantum number n in atomic orbitals?

<p>It determines the size of the orbital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pauli exclusion principle in atomic structure?

<p>Only two electrons can occupy an orbit with a given n, l, m (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the noble gases in the periodic table?

<p>They have closed shells and do not gain or lose electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of an atom to gain or lose electrons to form a closed shell?

<p>Electronegativity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the formation of a closed shell in molecules?

<p>The formation of a molecular shell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why metals have high electrical and thermal conductivity?

<p>Electrons move freely from one atom to another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is not a metalloid?

<p>S (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the noble gases?

<p>They have a fully filled outermost orbital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend for the light metals in the periodic table?

<p>They are soft and chemically reactive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the atomic number in the periodic table?

<p>It determines the number of protons in an atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is an exception to the general rule that metals are solid at room temperature?

<p>Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind the formation of an ionic bond?

<p>Transfer of electrons from one atom to another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ionic bonds in terms of directionality?

<p>Non-directional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an ionic bond, which of the following is responsible for the attraction between the oppositely charged ions?

<p>Electrostatic attraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fractional ionic bonding formula?

<p>To quantify the degree of ionic character in a bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do positive and negative ions alternate in a symmetrical fashion in an ionic solid?

<p>To preserve the charge neutrality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical combination of bonding in real solids?

<p>Ionic bonding combined with covalent bonding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the force that holds ions together, according to the given formula?

<p>Attractive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the formation of covalent bonds?

<p>To achieve a complete outer electron shell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a covalent bond?

<p>It is directional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy of a covalent bond represented by?

<p>U = -A + Br^-n (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of elements typically form covalent bonds with each other?

<p>Non-metallic elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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