Quantum Mechanical Model and Atomic Orbitals

Quantum Mechanical Model

• Electrons exist in 3D regions around the nucleus called atomic orbitals, not circular orbits.
• Atomic orbitals represent the probability of finding an electron.
• De Broglie proposed that electrons possess wave-particle duality.
• Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that simultaneously knowing both electron position and velocity is impossible.
• Schrodinger's equation describes electron behavior as a wave, predicting probable electron locations.
• Atomic orbitals are also called "fuzzy clouds" representing regions of high electron probability.
• Different orbitals (s, p, d, f) have distinct shapes (spherical, dumbbell, etc.).
• s orbital=1, p orbital= 3, d orbital= 5 and f orbital=7.
• More electrons and larger atoms = more space occupied.

Atomic Orbitals

• Atomic orbitals are designated by letters (s, p, d, f), each with distinct shapes.
• S-orbitals are spherical
• P-orbitals are dumbbell shaped.
• Different orientations exist within d and f orbitals, describing these shapes.

Electron Configuration

• Electron configuration describes the arrangement of electrons within atomic orbitals, determining electronic properties.

Organic Compounds

• Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
• Other elements may also be present.
• Organic compounds can be categorized as natural, synthetic or both.

Functional Groups and Polymers

• Functional groups dictate a compound's chemical behavior. Different functional groups react similarly.
• Monomers bond to form polymers.
• Polymerization is the process of creating polymers from monomers.
• Polymers are large molecules made of repeating subunits.

Types of Organic Compounds

• Hydrocarbons: Contain only carbon and hydrogen.
  • Variations in bond type (double, triple) cause diverse properties.
• Alcohols: Glycerol is an example and used as a skin moisturizer
• Ethers: Used as solvents or anesthetics
• Carboxylic Acids: Found in fruits; Citric acid is a common example.
• Aldehydes: Formalin is a type of aldehyde used in preservation.
• Ketones: Acetone is a common solvent
• Esters: Often have fragrant aromas.
• Amines: Characteristic, often unpleasant odors.
• Amides: Found in materials like nylon, silk, and wool.
• Alkyl Halides: Component of Teflon's non-stick properties.
• Alkanes: Simplest hydrocarbons - single bonds.
• Alkenes: Contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
• Alkynes: Have carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• Methanol: Also known as wood alcohol. Produced through heating wood in the absence of air
• Organometallic Compounds: Contain metals.
• Organophosphorus Compounds: Contain phosphorus.