Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

How does the researcher approach the measurement of data in quantitative research?

  • By emphasizing the social context of the research.
  • Using a dynamic research design.
  • By statistical analysis of many cases. (correct)
  • Through thematic analysis of few cases.

    • What is the role of the researcher in qualitative research?

  • To be involved and engage with the participants. (correct)
  • To maintain a detached stance from the subject matter.
  • To investigate independently of the research setting.
  • To confirm pre-existing hypotheses through data.

    • Which aspect is considered essential in qualitative research but not in quantitative research?

  • Empirical data measurement.
  • The distinction between theory and data.
  • Authenticity of the data. (correct)
  • Statistical manipulation.

    • What type of reasoning is primarily used in qualitative research?

    <p>Inductive reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of quantitative research design?

    <p>It is characterized by a fixed research design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area does qualitative research focus more compared to quantitative research?

    <p>Social reality and cultural meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do theory and data relate in qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

    <p>They are bonded in qualitative research and distinct in quantitative research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pitfall in understanding the differences between qualitative and quantitative research?

    <p>Believing that qualitative research lacks empirical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study mentioned in the abstract?

    <p>Strengths and weaknesses of research methodologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of research methodologies are discussed in the study?

    <p>Qualitative and Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which author is associated with the concept of qualitative evidence in research?

    <p>J.M. Morse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of approach does 'Method in social science: A realist approach' suggest?

    <p>A realist approach to social science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What publication mentions 'Philosophical Requirements in Researching Organizations'?

    <p>Researching in Organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was 'A Teacher’s Guide to Classroom Research' published?

    <p>2008</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which journal discusses 'Connection, trust, and commitment: Dimensions of co-creation'?

    <p>Journal of Strategic Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these works focuses on the philosophical aspects of social research?

    <p>The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the limitations of case study research identified by Lee?

    <p>Lack of generalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strength of case study research is highlighted by Benbasat and associates?

    <p>Insight into emerging topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Yin, when are single case studies most appropriate?

    <p>To explore previously un-researched subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodology allows for cross case analysis according to Benbasat and colleagues?

    <p>Multiple-case designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one problem with quantitative approaches in case study research?

    <p>They do not allow for personal interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior do qualitative researchers claim to know relatively little about initially?

    <p>The context in which the behavior occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the quantitative survey conducted in Pakistan during the conflict?

    <p>To determine the number of separated children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the sites visited during the Pakistan conflict survey?

    <p>Varied in population size and composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main weakness of qualitative data according to ACAPS?

    <p>It requires skilled interviewers for data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodology is emphasized in qualitative case study approaches?

    <p>Participant-observation and in-depth interviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism do physical scientists have regarding qualitative methods?

    <p>They often lead to subjective interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue when generalizing findings from qualitative case studies?

    <p>Conclusions may be limited to specific organizations studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kerlinger, what is a major weakness of qualitative research?

    <p>The risk of improper interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for using secondary data in research as mentioned in the content?

    <p>It sufficiently justifies research purposes without the need for primary data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method primarily focuses on qualitative analysis according to the content?

    <p>Case study approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major requirement for qualitative data collection that distinguishes it from quantitative data?

    <p>Skilled interviewers and analysts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common critique of the available textbooks on survey research methods?

    <p>They did not cover practical applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was 'Survey Research Methods' published?

    <p>1973</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the status of survey research courses at the time of the book's publication?

    <p>They were rare, limiting the book's reach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did many instructors suggest to Wadsworth after the publication of 'Survey Research Methods'?

    <p>To also write a general social research textbook.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the author respond to the lack of a suitable textbook for survey research?

    <p>By jotting down contents for an ideal research methods textbook.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of approach did 'cookbook' textbooks primarily utilize?

    <p>Step-by-step instructions on conducting research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author feel while teaching the small class of six students?

    <p>They were highly motivated and receptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the outcomes of the author completing 'Survey Research Methods'?

    <p>It was adopted widely by various instructors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to a type of reasoning that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

    <p>Understanding underlying meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical concern emphasizes the importance of not causing harm to participants in research?

    <p>No harm to the participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of nominal level measurement?

    <p>It categorizes variables without a numerical value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research design, which of the following serves as a guideline for the selection of sampling methods?

    <p>Population and sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the conflict paradigm in social research?

    <p>Inequalities and power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves ensuring that research methods are systematic and free from bias?

    <p>Objectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study involves data collection across multiple time points to observe changes?

    <p>Longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'operationalization' refers to which aspect of research methodology?

    <p>Defining concepts in measurable terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the role of social constructs in understanding human behavior?

    <p>Symbolic Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ecological fallacy refer to in social research?

    <p>Assuming individual traits from group data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary purpose of conducting descriptive research?

    <p>To provide a detailed account of a phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of the ethics of research design?

    <p>To ensure participants' rights are upheld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indicator of reliability in research?

    <p>Validity of the findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Methods

    • Quantitative research focuses on objective truth, researcher-defined, and statistically analyzed data. Deductive reasoning (general to specific) is used; research design is fixed. Statistical manipulation is necessary.
    • Qualitative research emphasizes reality defined by participants, with the researcher as an observer. Holistic viewpoints are favored, with inductive reasoning (specific to general). Research design is dynamic; statistical testing is not required.

    Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

    • Quantitative Approach: Focuses on impartial facts, variables, reliability (value-free), theory and data are distinct, independent of setting, analysis of many cases via statistical methods, researcher is detached.
    • Qualitative Approach: Focuses on social reality, cultural meaning, communication process/events, authenticity (values explicit), theory and data are bonded, situational constraints, analysis of few cases via thematic methods, researcher is involved.

    Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research Methods

    • Weaknesses (ACAPS, 2012):
    • Data not objectively verifiable
    • Labor-intensive analysis (categorization, recoding)
    • Requires skilled interviewers for data collection
    • Strengths (Benbasat et al.):
    • Studies information systems in natural settings
    • Understands the nature/complexity of processes
    • Provides insights into emerging topics in information systems
    • Strengths (Yin):
    • Appropriate for contemporary events and subjects that don't need controlled behaviors or variables.
    • Single case studies are good for exploring new topics, multiple cases are better for description, theory building, or testing.
    • Weaknesses (Kerlinger, Lee—general qualitative criticism):
    • Inability to manipulate independent variables
    • Risk of improper interpretation
    • Lack of power to randomize
    • Weaknesses (Case Study approaches—specific criticism):
    • Lack of controllability
    • Lack of deductibility
    • Lack of repeatability
    • Lack of generalizability

    Case Study Method Strengths and Weaknesses

    • Case studies: Gather data from a small number of organizations using methods like participant observation, in-depth interviews, and longitudinal studies.
    • Goal: Understand the problem being investigated. Captures richness of organizational behavior.
    • Limitations: Conclusions may be specific to the studied organization, not generalizable.
    • Appropriate use: Studying contemporary events or previously un-researched subjects.

    Quantitative Research Example: Pakistan Conflict

    • Use-case: Child protection cluster in Pakistan (2008) during conflict needed to determine numbers of separated children.
    • Method: Small, purposeful sample of sites, surveys of community groups.

    Other Research Methodological Content

    • Surveys: A commonly used quantitative research method.
    • Book by Babbie: Discusses human inquiry, science foundations, social research, various research designs, indexes & scales, & sampling methods.
    • Author's perspective (Babbie): Early difficulties with a lack of specific survey research texts, later development of such texts including their own.

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    Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches in Social Sciences PDF

    Description

    Explore the key differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods in this quiz. Understand how quantitative research emphasizes objective data and deductive reasoning, while qualitative research focuses on participant-defined realities and inductive reasoning. Test your knowledge on these two critical approaches in research design.

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