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What type of sampling involves dividing a population into different strata before sampling?
Which of the following sampling methods allows every member of a population an equal chance of selection?
What is the main characteristic of purposive sampling?
Which sampling method is often used in studies with geographically spread populations?
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What is a common feature of non-probability sampling methods?
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Which of the following methods is classified as convenience sampling?
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Which sampling technique involves selecting participants based on specific criteria, often referred to as judgmental sampling?
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What is a characteristic of systematic sampling?
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What is a dichotomous variable?
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What type of variable is manipulated by researchers during experiments?
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Which of the following variables could be considered a polychotomous variable?
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Which of the following best describes a dependent variable?
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In scientific investigations, what is crucial for testing the efficacy of new devices or interventions?
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What defines experimental variables?
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Which statement correctly distinguishes between independent and dependent variables?
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Which of the following examples best illustrates a dependent variable in healthcare research?
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What is the purpose of a null hypothesis?
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Which type of hypothesis predicts a relationship between two or more independent or dependent variables?
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What distinguishes a directional hypothesis from a non-directional hypothesis?
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Which model is specifically mentioned as being used in experiment-based studies?
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What is a key characteristic of a non-directional hypothesis?
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In which situations is the P Model typically used?
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Which type of hypothesis is expressed affirmatively?
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What type of questions are typically assessed using the PC Model?
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What is the first aspect to indicate when conducting a review of related literature?
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What is a primary characteristic of experimental research?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of a theoretical and conceptual framework in research?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of experimental research?
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What is a key requirement of the APA referencing guide in research?
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What is the goal of descriptive research?
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What is an essential element to include in the review of related literature?
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In what way can personal bias be minimized in experimental research?
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In research literature, how should studies be ordered based on benefit?
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What type of research is often used in education to measure the effectiveness of teaching methods?
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In the context of research reports, what does the term 'gap' refer to?
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What type of information is primarily determined by a theoretical framework?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
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What is an example of descriptive research?
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Which fields commonly utilize APA style for research writing?
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Why might results from experimental research be seen as limited?
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Study Notes
Quantitative Research
- Experimental Research involves manipulating independent variables (IVs) to observe their effect on dependent variables (DVs) while controlling other variables. It aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
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Advantages:
- Reduces personal bias.
- Simplifies the research process.
- Allows for statistical analysis of results.
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Disadvantages:
- Ignores the natural context of the study.
- Requires significant resources for large samples.
- Results may not be generalizable due to the controlled environment.
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Importance of Quantitative Research:
- Provides objective evidence for decision-making in various fields, including education, business, and healthcare.
Types of Quantitative Research
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Descriptive Research aims to observe and report on specific phenomena or characteristics of a population.
- Examples: surveys on consumer preferences or attitudes.
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Correlational Research investigates the relationship between two or more variables without determining causality.
- Examples: examining the relationship between sleep duration and academic performance.
Variables in Research
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Variable: Any factor or property that researchers measure, control, or manipulate. It's a changing quantity or measure of any factor, trait, or condition.
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Types:
- Dichotomous Variables: Represent ONLY TWO categories (e.g., gender, yes/no answers).
- Polychotomous Variables: Have MANY categories (e.g., educational attainment, socioeconomic status).
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Experimental Variables: Variables that researchers carefully control or manipulate:
- Independent Variables (IVs): The "cause" or the variables that are manipulated.
- Dependent Variables (DVs): The "effect" or the variables that are being measured.
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Types:
The Review of Related Literature & Studies
- This process involves examining previous research and publications related to the current study topic.
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Key Elements in the Review:
- Author's name, date, and setting of the study.
- Title of the study.
- Salient findings (most important results).
- Gaps in previous research (identified in the conclusion).
- Recommendations for future research.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
- Framework: Provides the foundation and structure for the study, similar to a skeleton.
- Theories: Provide an explanation for a phenomenon based on established principles and concepts.
- Concepts: Specific ideas or notions that are used to describe, explain, and predict a phenomenon.
Hypothesis
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Hypothesis: A testable prediction or statement about the relationship between variables.
- Types:
- Simple Hypothesis: Predicts a relationship between one IV and one DV.
- Complex Hypothesis: Predicts a relationship between two or more IVs or DVs.
- Directional Hypothesis: Specifies the expected relationship between variables (e.g., positive or negative correlation).
- Non-Directional Hypothesis: Simply states that a relationship exists between variables without specifying direction.
- Null Hypothesis: States that there is no relationship between variables.
- Alternative/Research Hypothesis: States the actual expected relationship between variables.
- Types:
Assumptions of the Study
- Assumptions: Propositions taken to be true based on prior knowledge and experience without rigorous testing.
Sample & Sampling Technique
- Sample: A subset of the population that is selected for the study.
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Sampling Technique: The method used to select a sample.
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Probability Sampling (Scientific Sampling): Every member of the population has a known chance of being selected.
- Simple Random Sampling: Every member has an equal chance of being selected.
- Stratified Random Sampling: Population is divided into strata (groups) based on characteristics, and then random sampling occurs within each stratum.
- Cluster Sampling: Population is divided into clusters (groups) based on geographical location or other factors, and then clusters are randomly selected.
- Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth element of a population.
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Non-Probability Sampling (Non-scientific Sampling): Not all members have an equal chance of being selected.
- Convenience Sampling: Participants are selected because they are easily accessible.
- Quota Sampling: Predetermined numbers of units are selected based on specified characteristics.
- Purposive Sampling: Participants are handpicked based on specific criteria.
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Probability Sampling (Scientific Sampling): Every member of the population has a known chance of being selected.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of quantitative research, including experimental, descriptive, and correlational types. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of experimental research, highlighting its role in obtaining objective evidence for decision-making. Test your understanding of key concepts and applications in various fields like education and business.
