Quality Management Principles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What concept did Crosby coin that promotes eliminating mistakes in products or services?

  • Zero defects (correct)
  • Continuous improvement
  • Quality assurance
  • Total quality management
  • Which of the following is NOT one of Deming's Fourteen Points?

  • Build quality into the product
  • Drive out fear
  • Increase product pricing (correct)
  • Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement
  • What is emphasized as crucial in preventing defects according to the content?

  • Testing products after launch
  • Quality built into the product (correct)
  • Lowering production costs
  • Frequent inspections
  • What role does leadership play according to Deming's philosophy?

    <p>Facilitating change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should operations managers ensure according to quality management principles?

    <p>Deliver products with zero defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following points addresses removing barriers to teamwork?

    <p>Break down barriers between departments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the philosophy discussed, what is the enemy of quality?

    <p>Variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of instituting a program of education and self-improvement in the workplace?

    <p>Enhanced product quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant focus did ISO 9001: 2000 introduce in quality management?

    <p>Quality management system effectiveness via process performance measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following were emphasized in ISO 9001: 2015?

    <p>Risk-based thinking and flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the preventive actions emphasized in ISO 9001: 1994?

    <p>To enhance quality assurance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many clauses are there in the ISO 9001 standard?

    <p>11 clauses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key change introduced in ISO 9001: 2008 compared to previous versions?

    <p>Further integration with environmental management standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clause of ISO 9001 addresses 'Leadership and commitment'?

    <p>Clause 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which version of ISO 9001 was an emphasis on process performance measures first introduced?

    <p>ISO 9001: 2000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Clause 7 of ISO 9001 cover?

    <p>Support and resource management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Quality Management Principle focuses on the importance of meeting customer requirements?

    <p>Customer Focus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of QMP6 in the Quality Management Principles?

    <p>To support decision making based on data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a principle of ISO 9000?

    <p>Strategic Planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Quality Management Principles are defined in ISO 9000?

    <p>7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document in the ISO 9000 family provides requirements for quality management systems?

    <p>ISO 9001:2015 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Quality Management Principle is associated with creating a process-based approach to management?

    <p>Process Approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was ISO 9001 last updated to reflect current quality management practices?

    <p>2015 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Quality Management Principles emphasizes the importance of maintaining quality through organizational relationships?

    <p>Relationship Management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What standard does Alaska Airlines set for the opening of the airplane door after arrival?

    <p>Less than 2 minutes after arrival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard for the receptionist's performance at Jones Law Office?

    <p>Phone answered by the second ring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard is related to the Doorman's performance at the Hard Rock Hotel?

    <p>Greet guest in less than 30 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the room does the Hard Rock Hotel inspect?

    <p>All lights working and spotless bathroom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What standard does Jones Law Office establish for billing?

    <p>Accurate and timely with correct format (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Six Sigma program?

    <p>To reduce defects and improve quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a process need to achieve to be considered 'Six Sigma'?

    <p>No more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'DMAIC' stand for in the context of Six Sigma?

    <p>Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'Defect' in Six Sigma terminology?

    <p>A measurable outcome outside acceptable limits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a key focus of Six Sigma methodology?

    <p>Eliminating defects through variation reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who originally developed the Six Sigma program?

    <p>Motorola (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a characteristic of the Six Sigma methodology?

    <p>It is unstructured and flexible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical representation of standard deviation referred to in the Six Sigma framework?

    <p>Sigma (σ) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as a standard metric in Six Sigma?

    <p>Defects per million opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which roles are referred to as qualified process improvement experts in Six Sigma?

    <p>Black Belts and Green Belts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of objectives are considered 'stretch objectives'?

    <p>Ambitious objectives exceeding current abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main techniques for employee empowerment mentioned?

    <p>Building communication networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the employee empowerment techniques?

    <p>Minimizing employee responsibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of quality circles?

    <p>To solve problems collaboratively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who typically leads quality circles?

    <p>A facilitator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of quality problems is attributed to materials and processes?

    <p>85% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    ISO 9001: 1994 focus

    Greater focus on quality assurance via preventive actions.

    ISO 9001: 1987 focus

    Focus on following procedures to reduce variations in products.

    ISO 9001:2000 focus

    Quality management system effectiveness through process performance measures.

    ISO 9001: 2008 focus

    Using same standards and structure for quality.

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    ISO 9001: 2015 focus

    Risk-based thinking and management, leadership, and flexibility in documentation.

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    ISO 9001 Clauses

    The ISO 9001 standard is divided into 11 clauses.

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    Clause 4 (ISO 9001)

    Describes the organization's context and its impact on the Quality Management System (QMS).

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    Clause 6 (ISO 9001)

    Planning for the QMS includes quality objectives, planning for resources, and other QMS aspects.

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    Zero Defects

    A philosophy that aims to eliminate errors and defects in products or services.

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    Deming's 14 Points

    A set of principles for quality improvement in organizations.

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    Quality as Variation

    The concept that variation in a process can be the enemy of quality.

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    Cost of Poor Quality

    The total cost associated with defects and errors in a product or service.

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    Design and Stated

    The importance of well-designed systems for preventing errors.

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    Long-Term Relationships

    Building strong, long-lasting relationships with business partners that are based on performance rather than price.

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    Quality Product/Service

    The need for operations managers to deliver healthy, safe, and good-quality products and services.

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    Training and Improvement

    The importance of training and self-improvement.

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    Six Sigma

    A quality improvement philosophy focused on eliminating defects through reducing process variation.

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    Defect

    A measurable outcome outside acceptable limits (specifications).

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    Six Sigma Program

    A program to reduce defects, lower costs, save time, and improve customer satisfaction using structured methodology.

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    DMAIC

    A structured approach for process improvement in Six Sigma program.

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    3.4 defects per million opportunities

    A target quality level in Six Sigma; representing extremely low defect rates.

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    Defect per million opportunities (DPMO)

    A measure of the quality of a process by counting the defects in a sample of a million opportunities.

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    Process Definition

    Clearly stating what the process is and how it should work, considering customer needs.

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    Process Measurement

    Gathering data on the process to understand its current performance.

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    Six Sigma Implementation

    A process improvement strategy focused on reducing defects and improving efficiency. It involves specific steps such as setting stretch objectives, providing extensive training, and establishing qualified process improvement experts.

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    Stretch Objectives

    Ambitious goals that challenge current abilities and resources, often exceeding expectations. These objectives are not expected to be fully achieved but encourage continuous improvement.

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    Defect per Million Opportunities

    A standard metric used in Six Sigma to measure the number of defects occurring per million opportunities for error in a process.

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    Black Belts and Green Belts

    Qualified process improvement experts trained in Six Sigma methodologies. Black Belts focus on leading complex projects, while Green Belts assist with projects.

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    Employee Empowerment

    Involving employees in product and process improvements to enhance quality and efficiency. It's crucial as 85% of quality problems are attributed to materials and processes.

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    Quality Circles

    Employee groups who meet regularly to identify and solve problems within their processes. They are trained in problem-solving techniques and often led by facilitators.

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    Six Sigma Champion

    A top management leader who champions the implementation of the Six Sigma strategy within the organization. They provide support and resources.

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    Communication Networks

    Networks established to facilitate communication between employees and management. This helps gather feedback, share information, and encourage involvement in process improvement.

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    Service Industry Inspection

    Evaluating the quality of service delivery by checking specific aspects of the service process, like communication, compliance, or product performance.

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    Inspection Standards

    Predefined criteria or benchmarks used to evaluate the quality of a service, determining if it meets expectations.

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    What gets inspected in services?

    Specific actions or aspects of the service that are measured and assessed against established standards. For example, a hotel might inspect room cleanliness, minibar restocking, or staff greeting times.

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    Why are service inspections important?

    They help ensure consistency and quality in service delivery, by identifying areas for improvement, and meeting customer expectations.

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    Examples of service industry inspection

    Real-world applications of service inspection, like checking if the last bag on a carousel arrives within 20 minutes after the plane lands, or if a receptionist answers the phone within two rings.

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    Quality Management Principles (QMP)

    A set of seven principles guiding effective quality management systems, focusing on customer satisfaction, leadership, engagement, process improvement, and evidence-based decision making.

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    ISO 9001:2015

    An international standard specifying requirements for a quality management system (QMS) that can be used by any organization, regardless of its size or industry.

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    Customer Focus (QMP1)

    The principle that emphasizes understanding and meeting customer needs and expectations, as well as exceeding them whenever possible.

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    Leadership (QMP2)

    The principle that emphasizes the role of leaders in establishing a quality vision, setting quality goals, and committing resources to achieve them.

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    Engagement of People (QMP3)

    The principle that emphasizes the importance of engaging all employees in quality improvement efforts and empowering them to contribute their ideas and skills.

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    Process Approach (QMP4)

    The principle that emphasizes the importance of managing processes as interconnected activities that contribute to overall quality.

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    Improvement (QMP5)

    The principle that emphasizes the ongoing pursuit of continuous improvement in all aspects of quality management.

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    Evidence-based Decision Making (QMP6)

    The principle that emphasizes the use of data and evidence to support decision making about quality.

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    Study Notes

    Managing Quality

    • PowerPoint presentation accompanies Heizer, Render, Munson's Operations Management (13th Global Edition) and Principles of Operations Management (11th Edition).
    • Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.
    • Presentation slide number: 6-1

    Final Exam of OM

    • Exam Date & Time: December 9, 2029, 9-12 hrs
    • Content: Managing Quality and Project Management
    • Format: 40 multiple-choice questions
    • Score: 100%
    • Permitted items: Pen, pencil, eraser, student ID card, any type of calculator
    • Allowed notes: No cheat sheet.

    Outline

    • Global Company Profile: Arnold Palmer Hospital
    • Quality and Strategy
    • Defining Quality
    • Determinants of Product & Service Quality
    • Cost of Quality
    • Total Quality Management
    • Tools of TQM
    • The Role of Inspection
    • Slide number: 6-2

    Managing Quality Provides a Competitive Advantage

    • Arnold Palmer Hospital delivers over 14,000 babies annually
    • Virtually every type of quality tool is employed
    • Continuous improvement
    • Employee empowerment, benchmarking,
    • Just-in-time (JIT)
    • Quality tools
    • Slide number: 6-3

    Learning Objectives

    • Define quality and TQM
    • Describe the ISO international quality management system standards
    • Explain Six Sigma
    • Explain how benchmarking is used in TQM
    • Use the seven tools of TQM
    • Slide number: 6-4

    Strategies for Competitive Advantage

    • Differentiation – better or at least different
    • Cost leadership – cheaper
    • Response – more responsive
    • Slide number: 6-5

    Quality and Strategy

    • Managing quality supports differentiation, low cost and response strategies
    • Quality helps firms increase sales and reduce costs
    • Building a quality organization is a demanding task
    • Slide number: 6-6

    Two Ways Quality Improves Profitability

    • Improved Quality: Sales Gains via improved response, flexible pricing, improved reputation
    • Reduced Costs via increased productivity, lower rework and scrap costs, lower warranty costs
    • Figure 6.1
    • Slide number: 6-7

    The Flow of Activities

    • Organizational Practices: Leadership, Mission Statement, Effective Operating Procedures, Staff Support, Training
    • Quality Principles: Customer Focus, Continuous Improvement, Benchmarking, Just-in-Time, Tools of TQM
    • Employee Fulfillment: Employee Motivation, Empowerment, Organizational Commitment
    • Customer Satisfaction: Winning Orders, Repeat Customers
    • Figure 6.2
    • Slide number: 6-8

    Defining Quality

    • An operation manager's objective is to build a total quality management system that identifies and satisfies customer needs
    • Slide number: 6-9

    Defining Quality

    • The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs
    • Understanding customer needs is fundamental for effective management.
    • Implied needs are those that are not explicitly communicated by customers.
    • Slide number: 6-10

    Different Views of Quality

    • User-based: Better performance, more features
    • Manufacturing-based: Conformance to standards, making it right the first time
    • Product-based: Specific and measurable attributes of the product
    • Slide number: 6-11

    Determinants of Product Quality

    • Performance: Primary operating characteristic
    • Features: Secondary aspect of performance
    • Reliability: Probability of malfunctioning
    • Conformance: Meeting standards/specifications
    • Durability: Product life
    • Serviceability: Speed, ease of repair
    • Aesthetics: Product looks, feels, etc.
    • Perceived quality: Reputation, images

    Determinants of Service Quality

    • Consistency of Performance and Dependability
    • Responsiveness: Employee willingness to provide service
    • Competence: Possession of skills and knowledge
    • Access: Approachability, ease of contact
    • Courtesy: Politeness, respect, consideration
    • Communication: Keeping customers informed, listening
    • Credibility: Trustworthiness, honesty
    • Security: Freedom from danger, risk, or doubt
    • Understanding the customer: Understanding customer needs
    • Tangibles: Physical evidence of the service

    Outline (Bechtel Group)

    • Global Company Profile: Bechtel Group
    • The Importance of Project Management
    • Project Planning
    • Project Scheduling
    • Project Controlling
    • Project Management Techniques: CPM
    • Determining the Project Schedule
    • Slide number: 3-2

    Critical Path and Slack Times for Milwaukee Paper

    • This figure displays a project network diagram with estimated time values for each activity.
    • List of paths: A-C-F-H, A-C-E-G-H, A-D-G-H, B-D-G-H
    • Critical path: A-C-E-G-H
    • Figure 3.16
    • Slide number: 3-66

    Implications of Quality

    • Company reputation: perception of new products, employment practices, supplier relations
    • Product liability: reduce risk
    • Global implications: improved ability to compete
    • Slide number: 6-14

    Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award

    • Established in 1988 by the US government
    • Designed to promote TQM practices
    • Any type of organization can apply for assessment
    • Slide number: 6-15

    Baldrige Criteria

    • Evaluated on: Leadership, Strategic Planning, Customer Focus, Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management, Workforce Focus, Operations Focus, Results
    • Factors used by US Government
    • Points for each category: Leadership (120), Strategic Planning (85), Customer Focus (85), Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management (90), Workforce Focus (85), Operations Focus (85), Results (450)
    • Categories used: 1. Leadership (120), 2. Strategic Planning (85), 3. Customer Focus (85), 4. Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management (90), 5. Workforce Focus (85), 6. Operations Focus (85), 7. Results (450)

    ISO 9000 International Quality Management System Standards

    • Recognizes standards, encourages detailed procedures, documentation, and recordkeeping.
    • 2015 revision emphasizes risk-based thinking.
    • Over 1.6 million certifications in many countries.
    • Important for global business
    • Slide number: 6-17

    ISO 9000: Quality Management System

    • Quality Management Principles (QMP) -QMP1 – Customer Focus -QMP2 – Leadership -QMP3 – Engagement of People -QMP4 – Process Approach -QMP5 - Improvement -QMP6 – Evidence-based Decision Making -QMP7 – Relationship Management
    • Slide number: 6-18

    A Comparison Between Baldrige Award and ISO 9000

    • Comparing Baldrige Award criteria and ISO 9001 QMP
    • Slide number: 6-19

    ISO 9000: Family of Standards

    • ISO 9000:2015 Quality Management Systems Fundamentals and Vocabulary
    • ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems Requirements
    • ISO 9004:2018 Quality Management, guidance for achieving sustained success
    • ISO 19011:2018 Guidelines for auditing managment systems

    ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems - Requirements

    • ISO 9001:1987, ISO 9001:1994, ISO 9001:2000, ISO 9001:2008, ISO 9001:2015 (current edition)
    • Focus on conforming to procedures rather than on management process; variety reduction
    • Risk-based thinking, emphasis on leadership, and increased flexibility
    • Slide number: 6-21

    ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems - Requirements

    • Consisting of 11 clauses
    • Clauses: Introduction, Scope, References, Terms and Definitions, Context of the organization, Leadership, Planning for the QMS, Support, Operational Planning and Control, Performance evaluation, Improvement
    • Slide number: 6-22

    Costs of Quality

    • Prevention costs: Reducing potential defects (training, design, maintenance costs)
    • Appraisal costs: Evaluating products, parts, and services (testing, inspecting, calibrating costs)
    • Internal failure costs: Producing defective parts before delivery (repair, rework, downgrade costs)
    • External failure costs: Defects discovered after delivery (replacement, warranty, lawsuit)
    • Slide number: 6-23

    Costs of Quality

    • Prevention Costs
    • Appraisal Costs
    • Failure Costs (Internal & External).
    • In a cost of quality graph, the prevention and appraisal costs go down as variation increases.
    • Slide Number: 6-24

    Leaders in Quality

    • W. Edwards Deming: Management accepting responsibility for building good systems. 14 points for implementing quality improvment
    • Joseph M. Juran: Top-management commitment, support, and involvement; Teams that continually seek to raise standards; Define quality as fitness for use, not written specifications

    Leaders in Quality

    • Armand Feigenbaum: Total Quality Control, integrated processes, learning from each other's successes.
    • Philip B. Crosby: Quality Is Free, Cost of poor quality is understated, zero defects
    • Slide number: 6-25, 6-26, 6-27

    Deming's Fourteen Points

    • Consistency of purpose, Promote Change, Building quality into product, long-term relationships, continuous improvement, training, emphasize leadership
    • Drive out fear, breakdown barriers, stop haranguing workers, support, work without rating, education & improvement, transformation
    • Slide number: 6-28, 6-29

    Ethics and Quality Management

    • Operations managers must deliver healthy, safe, quality products and services
    • Poor quality risks (injuries, lawsuits, recalls, violations)
    • Ethical conduct must dictate response and actions
    • All stakeholders must be considered
    • Slide number: 6-30

    Total Quality Management

    • Encompasses entire organization from supplier to customer
    • Stresses a commitment by management to have a continuous companywide drive toward excellence in all aspects of products and services that are important to the customer
    • Slide number: 6-31
    • Continuous improvement
    • Six Sigma
    • Employee empowerment
    • Benchmarking
    • Just-in-time (JIT)
    • Knowledge of TQM tools (logical order: big picture, data collection, data analysis, problem identification, prioritization)

    Continuous Improvement

    • Never-ending process of improvement
    • Covers people, equipment, suppliers, materials, and procedures.
    • Every operation can be improved.

    Shewhart's PDCA Model (Plan-Do-Check-Act)

    • Plan: Identify the pattern; make a plan.
    • Do: Test the plan.
    • Check: Is the plan working?
    • Act: Implement the plan; document
    • Figure 6.3
    • Slide number: 6-34

    Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)

    • Ongoing process of unending improvement (incremental quality improvement)
    • TQM and zero defects used to describe continuous improvement.
    • “Kaizen” in Japanese.

    Quality Improvement: Kaizen, Kaikaku, Kakushin

    • Kaizen: Incremental Improvement
    • Kaikaku: Breakthrough Improvement
    • Kakushin: Transformational Innovation

    Pareto Charts

    • Graph plotting problems or defects in descending frequency order
    • 80-20 Rule: Roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes.
    • Slide number: 6-79, 6-80, 6-81

    Inspection

    • Examining items to determine if they are good or defective
    • Detecting defective products does not correct process or product deficiencies. Inspection is expensive.
    • Issues: When to inspect, where in the process to inspect.

    When and Where to Inspect

    • Supplier's plant
    • Facility upon receipt
    • Before costly processes
    • During production steps
    • After production/service completion
    • Before delivery to the customer
    • Point of customer contact

    When and Where to Inspect (Samsung Smartphone example)

    • Durability, Visual Inspection, X-ray, Charge & Discharge, Organic Pollution, Disassembling, Accelerated Usage, Volatility

    Inspection

    • Problems: Work fatigue, measurement errors, process variability.
    • Better solutions: Robust design, empowered employees, processes.

    Source Inspection

    • Techniques to reduce inspection: Source control (Poka-yoke)
    • Next step: Customer. Ensure perfect product.

    Poka-Yoke

    • Foolproof devices or techniques
    • Pass only acceptable products
    • Use tools to detect human error

    Poka-Yoke in Process Design

    • Concept in total quality management
    • Restricting errors at the beginning (cradle) (mistake-proofing or fail-safe)
    • Elimination (eliminate); Replacement (replace with error-proofing); Facilitation (easier action)

    Source Inspection: Checklists

    • Checklists ensure consistency and completeness.

    Service Industry Inspection

    • Examples of inspection in services: Alaska Airlines, Jones Law Office, Hard Rock Hotel, Arnold Palmer Hospital, Olive Garden Restaurant, and Nordstrom Department Store.
    • Specific areas/tasks inspected and standards for each organization.

    TQM in Services

    • Service quality is more difficult to measure than the quality of goods.
    • Intangible differences between products and intangible expectations.

    Service Quality

    • Tangible component of services is important.
    • Service process is important.
    • Services judged against customer expectations.
    • Exceptions will occur.

    Service Specifications (Alaska Airlines example)

    • Aircraft boarding, flight attendants, baggage, cargo, on-board check-in, final load closeout, doors closed

    Service Recovery Strategy

    • Have a plan for when services fail (Marriott's LEARN): Listen, Empathize, Apologize, React, Notify.

    Cause-and-Effect Diagrams

    • Tools for identifying process elements (causes) that may affect an outcome. (Fishbone Diagram)

    Pareto Charts

    • 80/20 rule (roughly 80% of effects from 20% of causes)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key principles of quality management, including the philosophies of Crosby and Deming, as well as the ISO standards. This quiz covers important concepts such as leadership's role, teamwork, and preventive actions in quality management. Perfect for those looking to strengthen their understanding of quality assurance practices.

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