Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Methods

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of qualitative research?

  • It focuses on in-depth insights from a small sample. (correct)
  • It aims for representativeness of a large population.
  • It emphasizes mathematical accuracy in its findings.
  • It uses standardized questionnaires for data collection.

Quantitative research guarantees that mathematical accuracy always reflects causal relationships.

False (B)

Why is interpretation in qualitative research considered subjective?

Because the analysis relies on individual perspectives that might be influenced by opinions, experiences and more.

A light-hearted example that shows a correlation without causality is the relationship between the number of storks and the number of human ______.

<p>births</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of research with their description:

<p>Qualitative Research = Focuses on in-depth understanding and interpretations Quantitative Research = Emphasizes numerical data and statistical analysis Correlation = A relationship between two variables Causality = A relationship where one variable directly affects another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why affidavits are required for scientific papers?

<p>To promote data protection and copyright laws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pragmatic guidelines for scientific work only concern style and not scope.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what type of research method was used in the election poll mentioned?

<p>quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simon questions whether a sample of 1,000 people accurately reflects the entire ______.

<p>electorate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a concern raised by Simon regarding the opinion poll?

<p>The color of the participants' clothing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maike does not engage in discussion with Simon about the poll data due to her lack of interest in the topic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of scientific theories as described in the unit?

<p>To serve as a starting point for research decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional method does Simon suggest to complement the quantitative survey?

<p>qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maike chose a quantitative approach for her research essay.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Data Collection = Gathering information or measurements. Data Analysis = Interpreting and making sense of collected information. Quantitative = Methods focused on numerical and statistical analysis. Qualitative = Methods focused on understanding experiences through in-depth research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of degree is Maike pursuing while working?

<p>bachelor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maike struggled with her first written assignment, making her uneasy about her upcoming ___________ thesis.

<p>bachelor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Maike do when she had trouble collecting enough data?

<p>Invented the missing data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reward for Joana's help with the analysis?

<p>A popular music concert. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research activity with its description in the text:

<p>Develop or test hypotheses = An activity Maike needs to do for her bachelor thesis. Empirical inquiry = A type of research that Maike needs to conduct. Narrowing a research question = A study goal for this unit. Data collection = A problematic part of Maike's research essay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

This unit focuses on theoretical research without any practical application.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of field research?

<p>It is carried out in real-life contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experimental investigations often take place in real-life settings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using laboratory supermarkets in marketing research?

<p>To investigate how customers can be encouraged to buy certain products</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research paradigms impact the ______.

<p>research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of an experimental study?

<p>Using a simulated supermarket to study the effect of shelf placement on purchases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formulation of the research question has no impact on the research strategy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using a controlled environment for research?

<p>Any interference can be ruled out</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research type with its characteristic:

<p>Experimental research = Controlled environment Field research = Real life context</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the tribal members, what is the general tendency of falling objects?

<p>Objects tend to fall downwards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Science Council defines science as the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of only the natural world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a key characteristic of scientific research?

<p>Scientific research is systematic and rule-based.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initial observations, such as branches falling down, cannot be considered to be at the level of ______.

<p>scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tribal elder suggest about the souls of the deceased?

<p>They ascend to the gods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Established scientific explanations, like gravity, are considered incontrovertible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what does science encompass beyond research?

<p>Science includes both the pursuit and application of knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their descriptions:

<p>Scientific research = A systematic, rule-based process used to gain knowledge Science = The pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding Initial observation = An initial look at phenomena before systematic inquiry Gravity = A widely accepted scientific concept about falling objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit in the course book focuses on written assignments and research essays?

<p>Unit 5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unit 7 discusses the topic of oral assignments at IU.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of academic work is covered in Unit 12?

<p>Portfolios</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unit 8 is dedicated to the topic of the ______ at IU.

<p>bachelor thesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following academic topics is NOT covered in this course book?

<p>Grant Proposals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the unit number with its corresponding topic:

<p>Unit 6 = Project Reports Unit 9 = Oral Assignments Unit 11 = The Colloquium Unit 13 = Exams</p> Signup and view all the answers

The course book includes a section on citation and writing guidelines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit deals with oral project reports at IU?

<p>Unit 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

The course book includes a list of ______ in the appendix.

<p>references</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Unit 4 in this course book?

<p>Research Skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tribal elder perspective

The belief that souls of the deceased ascend to the gods, thus falling up instead of down.

Scientific research

A systematic, rule-based process used to gain knowledge about the natural world through observation and experimentation.

Gravity

A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass are attracted towards one another, commonly experienced as falling down.

Diverse opinions

Varied beliefs and observations regarding phenomena, such as falling objects, within a group like a tribe.

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Established knowledge

Information and theories widely accepted based on evidence in the scientific community.

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Systematic methodology

An organized process that follows specific rules to ensure accurate results in research.

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Phenomena investigation

The process of examining and understanding observable events or facts, particularly in science.

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Unanswered questions

Queries that remain after initial observations, indicating the need for further investigation.

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Qualitative Research

A research method focusing on understanding human behavior through in-depth insights from specific participants.

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Subjectivity in Research

Interpretation of research results influenced by personal opinions and perspectives, leading to debates about validity.

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Small Samples

Qualitative research often works with small samples to gain detailed information rather than aiming for generalizability.

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Correlation vs Causality

The confusion between a relationship between two variables and one causing the other, highlighted in quantitative research errors.

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In-depth Interviews

A qualitative method used to explore detailed personal perspectives and experiences from selected participants.

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Experimental Investigations

Research conducted in controlled environments to rule out interference.

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Non-Experimental Investigations

Research conducted in real-life settings without control over variables.

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Field Research

A type of non-experimental research carried out in real-life situations.

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Controlled Environment

An artificial setting where variables can be manipulated and controlled.

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Marketing Experiments

Experimental research focusing on consumer behavior in marketing situations.

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Impact of Scientific Paradigms

The effect of fundamental research beliefs on research design choices.

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Research Design

The strategic plan for how to conduct research, influenced by research paradigms.

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Research Questions

Queries formulated that guide the research strategy and decisions.

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Database Search

The process of finding information in a database.

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Literature Management

Organizing and storing academic sources for research.

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Citation Guidelines

Rules for properly referencing sources in academic writing.

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Bibliography

A list of sources cited in a research work.

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Written Assignments

Tasks requiring written responses in academic settings.

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Project Report

A document summarizing work and findings of a project.

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Case Study

An in-depth analysis of a particular case or instance.

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Bachelor Thesis

A lengthy, formal document presenting original research for a degree.

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Oral Assignments

Presentations or spoken tasks in academic settings.

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Colloquium

A formal meeting for academic discussion or presentation.

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Research Ethics

Principles guiding moral conduct in research to protect participants.

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Evaluating Scientific Studies

Assessing the quality and validity of scientific research findings.

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Non-Disclosure Agreement

A legal contract preventing disclosure of sensitive information.

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Narrowing Research Question

The process of focusing a broad topic into a specific inquiry.

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Research Question Development

Creating focused queries to guide academic investigations.

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Hypothesis Testing

The process of empirically validating or invalidating proposed explanations.

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Qualitative Approach

Research method emphasizing understanding experiences and meanings rather than numbers.

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Data Collection

The process of gathering information for research purposes.

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Data Analysis

The interpretation and examination of collected data to extract meaningful insights.

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Quantitative Methods

Research methods focused on numerical data and statistical analysis.

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Qualitative Methods

Research methods aimed at understanding human behavior through non-numerical data.

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Sample Selection

The process of choosing a subset from a population for a study.

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Opinion Polls

Surveys used to gauge public preference or opinion on various topics.

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Open Questions

Questions that allow for detailed responses rather than fixed options.

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Combining Methods

Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches in research for comprehensive understanding.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Academic Work

  • This course book provides an introduction to academic work at IU International University of Applied Sciences.
  • The content is organized into units covering various aspects of academic work.
  • The course book includes a table of contents for easy navigation.

Signposts Throughout the Course Book

  • The course book is divided into sections that cover one new key concept in each section.
  • Self-check questions are provided at the end of each section to assess understanding.
  • Knowledge tests on the learning platform are required for all modules with final exams.
  • Students must answer at least 80% of the questions correctly on the knowledge tests for each unit to be deemed complete.
  • Students should complete the course evaluation before registering for the final assessment.

Basic Reading

  • Bell, J., & Waters, S. (2018). Doing your research project: A guide for first-time researchers (7th ed.). Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Deb, D., Dey, R., & Balas, V. E. (2019). Engineering research methodology: A practical insight for researchers. Springer.
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students (8th ed.). Pearson.
  • Veal, A. J. (2018). Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism (5th ed.). Pearson.

Further Reading

  • Various articles and texts for further learning on specific topics (e.g., research approaches, scientific writing, literature reviews, etc.).

Learning Objectives

  • The overall objective of this course provides the essential aspects of scientific theory and practice, covering research methods and mechanisms.
  • The course will overview important components of academic writing specifically for IU International University of Applied Sciences.
  • The combination of theoretical principles and practical execution will form a foundation for scientific work further in the future.

Unit 1: Theory of Science

  • Study Goals: To learn the essential characteristics of scientific research, the differences between fundamental research assumptions, and to identify core research decisions.

Unit 2: Practical Application of Good Science

  • Study Goals: To understand the importance of ethics in scientific research, the verification/evaluation of scientific studies and research, the usage of spelling/structure in academic writing, how to define a specific research question, and the implementation of scaffolding for academic work.

Unit 3: Research Methods

  • Study Goals: To understand the difference between data collection and data analysis. To describe the essential characteristics of quantitative methods, qualitative methods, and the quality criteria for research.

Unit 4: Academic Administration: Structure, Application, and Literature Management

  • Study Goals: To understand plagiarism and how to avoid this. To learn about research databases, keyword searches, reference citations, the use of literature management programs for bibliographies, and the software/application tools used at IU.

Unit 5: Academic Work at IU: Written Assignment and Research Essays

  • Study Goals: To learn how to structure a research essay or written assignment at IU. To learn about the different formats for written assignments and research essays. To understand the requirements in terms of scope & content.

Unit 6: Academic Work at IU: Project Reports

  • Study Goals: To understand the development of a project report at IU. To learn the instructions for creating a project report. To describe the specific requirements for a project report.

Unit 7: Academic Work at IU: Case Studies

  • Study Goals: To understand the structure of a case study at IU. To understand the instructions to create a case study, and the case requirements for scope and content.

Unit 8: Academic Work at IU: The Bachelor Thesis

  • Study Goals: To understand the structure of a Bachelor thesis at IU. To comprehend the instructions used in creating a bachelor thesis, the formalities to observe while writing a bachelor's thesis, and the requirements concerning content and scope.

Unit 9: Academic Work at IU: Oral Assignments

  • Study Goals: To learn how to structure successful oral assignments; the importance of visuals and presentation principles, how verbal and non-verbal communication influences a presentation, and evaluation criteria for the presentation.

Unit 10: Academic Work at IU: Oral Project Reports

  • Study Goals: To learn how to effectively structure oral project reports. To understand the importance, principles, and communication techniques applicable to oral reports; and the evaluation criteria.

Unit 11: Academic Work at IU: The Colloquium

  • Study Goals: To understand the components and objectives of a colloquium, the interdisciplinary evaluation criteria, and tips to prepare for this exam format.

Unit 12: Academic Work at IU: Portfolios

  • Study Goals: To understand the different types of portfolios, the online portfolio benefits, the evaluation process of a portfolio, the phases of portfolio development, and the associated formalities of the end product.

Unit 13: Academic Work at IU: Exams

  • Study Goals: The unit will cover the nature of an examination, the difference between a module and course exam, and specific exam structures.

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