Qualitative Research Methods Overview

• The document discusses various aspects of qualitative research methods, including their theoretical frameworks, data collection techniques, and data analysis approaches.

Theoretical Frameworks in Qualitative Research

• Qualitative research is underpinned by various theoretical frameworks that guide the research process and interpretation of data.
• Common frameworks include:
  • Phenomenology: Focuses on understanding the lived experiences of individuals.
  • Grounded Theory: Aims to develop theories from systematic analysis of empirical data.
  • Ethnography: Involves immersing oneself in a culture or group to understand its practices and beliefs.
  • Case Study: An in-depth analysis of a single case or multiple cases within a real-world context.
  • Critical Theory: Seeks to critique and transform social structures and power relations.

Data Collection Techniques

• Qualitative research employs diverse methods to gather rich, detailed data.
• Key techniques include:
  • Interviews:
    • Structured interviews use predetermined questions.
    • Semi-structured interviews allow for flexibility and probing.
    • Unstructured interviews are conversational and exploratory.
  • Focus Groups: Group discussions to explore perspectives on a specific topic.
  • Observations:
    • Participant observation involves the researcher actively participating in the setting.
    • Non-participant observation entails observing without direct involvement.
  • Document Analysis: Examining written or visual materials to uncover patterns and meanings.
  • Audiovisual Materials: Use of photographs, videos, and audio recordings to capture data.

Data Analysis Approaches

• Analyzing qualitative data involves interpreting and making sense of textual or visual information.
• Common approaches are:
  • Thematic Analysis: Identifying recurring themes or patterns in the data.
  • Content Analysis: Systematically categorizing and quantifying content in communication.
  • Narrative Analysis: Examining stories and personal accounts to understand experiences.
  • Discourse Analysis: Analyzing language and communication to reveal social and political contexts.

Rigor and Validity in Qualitative Research

• Ensuring the credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research is crucial.
• Strategies to enhance rigor include:
  • Triangulation: Using multiple data sources or methods to corroborate findings.
  • Member Checking: Validating interpretations with participants.
  • Reflexivity: Acknowledging and addressing the researcher's biases.
  • Audit Trail: Documenting the research process for transparency.
  • Peer Debriefing: Seeking feedback from other researchers.

Ethical Considerations

• Qualitative research raises ethical concerns that need careful attention.
• Key considerations include:
  • Informed Consent: Ensuring participants understand the purpose and risks of the study.
  • Confidentiality: Protecting participants' identities and data.
  • Anonymity: Ensuring that data cannot be linked back to individual participants.
  • Power Dynamics: Addressing potential power imbalances between researchers and participants.
  • Impact on Participants: Minimizing harm and maximizing benefits for participants.