Review the cells

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Which of the following factors enables muscle cells to function at a high metabolic rate

Single nuclei and expanded surface area

Multiple nuclei and a smaller surface area

Increased nuclei and expanded surface area (correct)

Increased nuclei and a smaller surface area

Cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins (correct)

Many fine hairlike structures on the luminal surface of cells

Double layer membrane punctated by countless nuclear pore complexes

Located in nucleoplasm

Cell membrane

Boundary between intracellular and extracellular environment

Double layered membrane punctated by countless nuclear pore complexes

Controls passage of substances into and out of the cell

Both A and C (correct)

The cell membrane maintains membrane receptors for attachment to ligands

True Signup and view all the answers

Cilia

Many fine hairlike structures in luminal surface of cells that beat rhythmically in unisun Signup and view all the answers

Thrashing movement of flagellum propels cell forward

True Signup and view all the answers

Single long hairlike structure found in sperm, cells, and some pathogens

Flagellum Signup and view all the answers

Contains nucleoplasm, DNA, rRNA, and ribosomal subunits

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Site of transcription (transfer of genetic code DNA to mRNA) and production of ribosomal subunits

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Double layered membrane. Outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

Nuclear envelope Signup and view all the answers

Located in nucleoplasm, composed of nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins) connected by sections of linker DNA; normally arranged in loose strands

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

Super coils to form X shaped chromosomes during cell division

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

Dense cluster of ribosomal RNA and protein; nucleoli are not membrane bound

Nucleolus Signup and view all the answers

Location of synthesis of ribosomal subunits

Nucleolus Signup and view all the answers

Protoplasm containing water, dissolved enzymes, electrolytes, nutrients, and protein

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Medium for transport of intracellular molecules and organelles; supports cell membrane

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Vesicles, vacuoles, and lipid droplets suspended in cytosol

Inclusions Signup and view all the answers

Storage and transportation vesicles of intracellular substances

Inclusions Signup and view all the answers

Structural complex within cytosol composed of microtubules, intermediary filaments and microfilaments

Cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Provides strength, structure and support; affects cell division and movement of organelles and the cell membrane

Cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Composed of microtubules arranged in a pinwheel; asters radiate away from it

Centrioles Signup and view all the answers

Double-membrane bound organelle, internal membrane folds inward forming cristae; Increased internal surface area maximizes metabolic processed

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Site of cellular respiration which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

A system of collapsed sacs extending form the outer layer of the nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Produces, modifies and packages secretory proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbohydrates

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the nucleoli

True Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in nucleoli

True Signup and view all the answers

Protein manufactured on fixed ribosomes (RER) is intended for

Export Signup and view all the answers

Protein manufactured on free ribosomes is intended for

Intracellular use Signup and view all the answers

Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Composed of two subunits, one large and one small. Each subunit is made of RNA and protein

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Responsible for breaking down individual misfolded or abnormal protein molecules; found throughout the cytosol

Proteasomes Signup and view all the answers

Hollow cylinder composed of subunits and caps on each end, and is half the size of a ____________

Proteasome, ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Network of connected flattened tubes stacked on to of one another

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes; formed by Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Refines and alters molecules intended for both secretion and internal use

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Function is; Digestion of absorbed material and internally produced waste

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Its rupture causes cellular autolysis

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Produced by fission

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Detoxify various molecules such as alcohol and formaldehyde; remove free radicals

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Tiny barrel like capsule composed of RNA (vRNA) and protein, though to be very numerous in cells

Vault Signup and view all the answers

Perhaps able to fit into nuclear pore complexes where one end opens to pick up or drop off molecules entering or exiting the nucleus

Vault Signup and view all the answers

Moves cells through fluid

Flagella Signup and view all the answers

Moves fluid across cell surfaces

Cilia Signup and view all the answers

What % of an animals body is made of water

60% Signup and view all the answers

Small insensible water losses occurs due to

Respiration and passive diffusion from the skin Signup and view all the answers

Greater water losses occur due to

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

A small amount of water is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, what is this water called?

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

What is extracellular fluid found in lymphatic and blood vessels called?

Intravascular Signup and view all the answers

Extracellular fluid found outside vessels and surrounding cells (space between cells in a tissue)

Interstitial Signup and view all the answers

Moderate to severe dehydration requires fluid therapy to prevent cellular dysfunction that can lead to organ failure or death

True Signup and view all the answers

Charged particles [in body fluids] are called

Ions Signup and view all the answers

Body fluids contain many different kinds of particles called _____

Solutes Signup and view all the answers

What are positive ions called

Cations Signup and view all the answers

What are negative ions called

Anions Signup and view all the answers

Identify the ionic compound

Salt Signup and view all the answers

Composed of oppositely charged ions that separate from one another when mixed in water

Salt - Ionic compound Signup and view all the answers

Only certain ions are called electrolytes

False Signup and view all the answers

All ions are electrolytes

True Signup and view all the answers

Anions and cations are called electrolytes because they are capable of conducting an electrical current in solution

True Signup and view all the answers

H+ is

Hydrogen ions [released by acids] Signup and view all the answers

OH- is

Hydroxyl ions [released by bases] Signup and view all the answers

More H+ ions present in a solution, the greater its _________

Acidity Signup and view all the answers

The greater the concentration of OH- ions in solution, makes the solution more _________

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

The relative proportions of H+ to OH- ions determine the acidity or alkalinity of the fluid

True Signup and view all the answers

Body solutions have low concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

False Signup and view all the answers

Body solutions have high concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has the highest concentration outside the cell [extracellular compartment]

Na+, Cl-, HCO3+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following have the highest concentration inside the cell

K+, HPO42-, SO42- Signup and view all the answers

Concentration of hydrogen ions in fluid is measured ________ by pH units on a scale from 0-14

Inversely Signup and view all the answers

Many H+ ions, few OH- ions

<7, acidic Signup and view all the answers

Equal concentrations of both H+ and OH- ions

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

Few H+ ions, many OH- ions

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

In ill or debilitated animals, electrolyte concentrations and the pH of intracellular and extracellular fluid can become abnormally high or low and organ function can become impaired. Therefore, additives like KCI (potassium chloride) and NaCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) are used in IV fluids to adjust the ionic imbalances and aid in maintenance of homeostasis

True Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the flow of fluid into and out of cells?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

When the ECF has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the ICF fluid, water moves freely in and out of the cell and the cell does not change size. This is termed

Isotonic Signup and view all the answers

When the ECF is less concentrated than the ICF water moves into the cell and the cell swells, this is termed

Hypotonic Signup and view all the answers

When the ECF is more concentrated than the cytoplasm, water goes into the ECF and the cell shrinks, this is termed

Hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

What causes leakage of fluids out of vessels and into the interstitium or into body cavities

Decrease in oncotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

The difference between osmotic pressure of blood and that of interstitial fluid or lymph = force, w/ plasma proteins, keeping fluid in blood vessels is termed

Oncotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Force pushing a liquid (BP) is termed

Hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Specialized protein pores called channels selectively let certain ions pass

True Signup and view all the answers

Specialized protein pores called channels selectively let all ions pass

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following easily passes through the cells lipid bilayer

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Does kinetic energy increase of decrease with higher temperature

Increase Signup and view all the answers

The concentration gradient is movement from higher to lower concentration

True Signup and view all the answers

Glucose is too large to rely on simple diffusion, therefore it must enter the cell via _________

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Osmosis occurs to achieve the same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane, this is known as the

Concentration equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Force of moving water across a membrane is called

Osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Selective carrier proteins assist in the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not rely on a concentration gradient to drive the activity of the molecules [if the pressure is greater on one side of a membrane than the other side liquids may be pushed through

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

ATP is required to transport molecules that are

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following relies on a carrier protein with a specific binding site but does not require a concentration gradient

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

All cells participate in the active transport of electrolytes ________--

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Specialized cells can transport which electrolytes

Cl-, I-, Fe2+ Signup and view all the answers

For every 1 ATP molecule are pumped into the cell and ions are pumped out of the cell

2 K+, 3 Na+ Signup and view all the answers

Engulfs solid material

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Engulfs liquid

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Enables large particles, liquids and even entire cells to be taken into the cell by engulfing

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Very selective; occurs in cells w/ specific protein receptor sites in their cell membranes for binding of ligands like hormones, iron & cholesterol

Receptor-mediated Signup and view all the answers

Exocytosis of waste products

Excretion Signup and view all the answers

Exocytosis of manufactured molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, histamine)

Secretion Signup and view all the answers

There is more ____ inside the cell

K+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with another cell

Contact inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Neoplasms develop when cells lose normal control over cell division

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following involves the temporary or permanent inhibition of genes that may be active in another cell

Differentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the process that involves breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the process in which stored energy is used to assemble new molecules

Anabolism Signup and view all the answers

Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the lumen of the GI tract ?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the mitochondria

Aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is converted into monosaccharides during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is broken down into amino acids during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is broken down into nucleotides during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Fats Signup and view all the answers

Once hydrolysis is complete, the smaller nutrient molecules are taken up by absorptive cells that line the small intestine and are transported through the cell away from the lumen of the intestine. What is the name of these absorptive cells ?

Enterocytes Signup and view all the answers

There is an important molecular product that comes from anaerobic respiration which carries a lot of the energy derived from food. What is the name of this molecular product ?

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

Acetyl coA is transferred to the mitochondria in order to be used for the last step of catabolism. Which of the following is the last step of catabolism

Aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Once Acetyl coA is transported to the mitochondria it enters a cycle, which of the following is the cycle Acetyl coA enters in the mitochondria ?

Kreb's cycle Signup and view all the answers

Anabolic metabolism consists of dehydration synthesis, which is the opposite of hydrolysis. Where does dyhydration synthesis occur

The cytoplasm of the cell Signup and view all the answers

During dehydration synthesis, what are simple sugars assembled into?

Chains of polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

During dehydration synthesis, what are glycerol and fat connected and formed into?

Fat molecules Signup and view all the answers

During dehydration synthesis, what are chains of amino acids assembled and formed into?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

How are molecular reactions initiated and controlled?

Specialized proteins called enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes react with specific molecules, what are these molecules called?

Substrates Signup and view all the answers

Each enzyme reacts with a molecule called a substrate to produce a new molecule, what is the name of the molecule produced

Product Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction?

Energy of activation Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are catalyst, which are substances that speed up reactions by modifying the energy of activation. What is this modification in specific

Decrease in the energy of activation Signup and view all the answers

Some enzymes are not able to complete a reaction without the assistance of another substance. Elements such as iron, zinc or copper, are needed to complete the shape of a binding site or stabilize the enzyme-substrate. What is the nape for these nonprotein substances?

Cofactors Signup and view all the answers

Nonprotein organic substances may also act as cofactors and are often vitamins or derived from vitamins. What is the term that refers to these nonprotein organic substances?

Coenzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substrates may be supplied through the diet or from breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or in the case of ruminants, VFA's [Proprionate] stored in the liver

Carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

Which substrate provides well over half the energy required to fuel metabolic functions, such as absorption, secretion, excretion, mechanical work, growth and repair

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which glucose is initially converted into G6P (via phosphorylation) then further broken down to form pyruvate in the cytosol of the cell

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

In oxygen-rich environments pyruvate enters the mitochondria to be used in the kreb's cycle and the elctron transport chain. However, some cells, like skeletal muscle cells may take a different path depending on the circumstances. When is it that skeletal muscle cells take a different metabolic pathway and concert pyruvate into lactic acid?

When the oxygen supply has become depleted Signup and view all the answers

Once pyruvate enters the mitochondria it loses a carbon and then binds to a coenzyme, this forms acetyl coA. Now acetyl coA enters a cycle whihch generates energy and CO2 forms as a byproduct. Which diffuses out of the cells and into blood as waste [lungs then exhales]. What cycle is this referring to?

Krebs cycle Signup and view all the answers

Where in the mitochondria does the Kreb's cycle occur

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

Where in the mitochondria does the Electron transport chain take place

Inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. There are two common types of lipids, phospholipids and triglycerides. They have more chemical energy than carbs or proteins because they have a higher # of C-H bonds [energy is stored in bonds between the atoms]. Which organ is the primary controller of lipid metabolism?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

The liver can remove lipids from the blood and alter their structures. For example, lipids may be broken into smaller fragments that enable them to enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvic acid or they may be fed directly into the Kreb's cycle. What is the name for this metabolic process?

Lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed into one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. Through a specific process, each fatty acid chain is broken down into multiple 2 carbon fragments. Some of these fragments are converted to acetyl CoA whereas others are converted into compounds called ketone bodies which can later be converted to Acetyl CoA. What is the name for the specific process mentioned above?

Beta oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein makes up microtubules, hair, and collagen

Structural Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is insulin and other hormones

Regulatory Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is actin and myosin

Contractile Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is hemoglobin and myoglobin

Transport Signup and view all the answers

What kind of proteins can be found in eggwhites

Storage Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are antibodies

Protective Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein are cell receptors and membrane transport molecules

Membrane Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is albumin and enzymes

Osmoregulatory Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

True Signup and view all the answers

Most species only require 10 essential amino acids. However felines require 11. What is the 11th

Taurine Signup and view all the answers

Although amino acid catabolism occurs in most tissues, it is of particular importance in the intestinal mucosa, kidney, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle where it may undergo either deamination or transamination. Where do these processes occur

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

During which process of protein catabolism is the amine group transferred to another carbon chain to form a different amino acid? [which diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol where it can be used for the formation of other proteins]

Transamination Signup and view all the answers

Because the ammonia from deamination [in protein catabolism] is toxic, most deamination reactions occur in a specific organ. Where specialized agents are present to convert ammonia to urea (a NONTOXIC water-soluble protein that is excreted in urine). What organ is it?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

In which process of protein catabolism is the amine group removed from the carbon chain and become an ammonia molecule

Deamination Signup and view all the answers

In deamination, the amine is removed from the carbon chain, the remaining carbon can

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, DNA does not leave a specific organelle, but rather, the genetic information it contains is copied onto a carrier molecule (mRNA), and transported to the cytoplasm where it is used to make protein. Which organelle does genetic information reside in?

The nucleus Signup and view all the answers

[Protein synthesis] What is the formation of mRNA in the nucleus called

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

[During protein anabolism] What is the name of the process of building a new protein using the information on the mRNA molecule?

Translation Signup and view all the answers

There are two types of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA. They are made up of chains of nucleotides. What are these nucleotides composed of?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

DNA molecules are divided into subunits called genes and the sequence of nitrogenous bases makes up the genetic code

True Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication occurs during the interphase of mitosis, what does it require here

RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

Review the cells

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors enables muscle cells to function at a high metabolic rate

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

The cell membrane maintains membrane receptors for attachment to ligands

Cilia

Thrashing movement of flagellum propels cell forward

Single long hairlike structure found in sperm, cells, and some pathogens

Contains nucleoplasm, DNA, rRNA, and ribosomal subunits

Site of transcription (transfer of genetic code DNA to mRNA) and production of ribosomal subunits

Double layered membrane. Outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

Located in nucleoplasm, composed of nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins) connected by sections of linker DNA; normally arranged in loose strands

Super coils to form X shaped chromosomes during cell division

Dense cluster of ribosomal RNA and protein; nucleoli are not membrane bound

Location of synthesis of ribosomal subunits

Protoplasm containing water, dissolved enzymes, electrolytes, nutrients, and protein

Medium for transport of intracellular molecules and organelles; supports cell membrane

Vesicles, vacuoles, and lipid droplets suspended in cytosol

Storage and transportation vesicles of intracellular substances

Structural complex within cytosol composed of microtubules, intermediary filaments and microfilaments

Provides strength, structure and support; affects cell division and movement of organelles and the cell membrane

Composed of microtubules arranged in a pinwheel; asters radiate away from it

Double-membrane bound organelle, internal membrane folds inward forming cristae; Increased internal surface area maximizes metabolic processed

Site of cellular respiration which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A system of collapsed sacs extending form the outer layer of the nuclear envelope

Produces, modifies and packages secretory proteins

Produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbohydrates

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the nucleoli

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in nucleoli

Protein manufactured on fixed ribosomes (RER) is intended for

Protein manufactured on free ribosomes is intended for

Site of protein synthesis

Composed of two subunits, one large and one small. Each subunit is made of RNA and protein

Responsible for breaking down individual misfolded or abnormal protein molecules; found throughout the cytosol

Hollow cylinder composed of subunits and caps on each end, and is half the size of a ____________

Network of connected flattened tubes stacked on to of one another

Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes; formed by Golgi apparatus

Refines and alters molecules intended for both secretion and internal use

Function is; Digestion of absorbed material and internally produced waste

Its rupture causes cellular autolysis

Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes

Produced by fission

Detoxify various molecules such as alcohol and formaldehyde; remove free radicals

Tiny barrel like capsule composed of RNA (vRNA) and protein, though to be very numerous in cells

Perhaps able to fit into nuclear pore complexes where one end opens to pick up or drop off molecules entering or exiting the nucleus

Moves cells through fluid

Moves fluid across cell surfaces

What % of an animals body is made of water

Small insensible water losses occurs due to

Greater water losses occur due to

A small amount of water is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, what is this water called?

What is extracellular fluid found in lymphatic and blood vessels called?

Extracellular fluid found outside vessels and surrounding cells (space between cells in a tissue)

Moderate to severe dehydration requires fluid therapy to prevent cellular dysfunction that can lead to organ failure or death

Charged particles [in body fluids] are called

Body fluids contain many different kinds of particles called _____

What are positive ions called

What are negative ions called

Identify the ionic compound

Composed of oppositely charged ions that separate from one another when mixed in water

Only certain ions are called electrolytes

All ions are electrolytes

Anions and cations are called electrolytes because they are capable of conducting an electrical current in solution

H+ is

OH- is

More H+ ions present in a solution, the greater its _________

The greater the concentration of OH- ions in solution, makes the solution more _________

The relative proportions of H+ to OH- ions determine the acidity or alkalinity of the fluid

Body solutions have low concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

Body solutions have high concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

Which of the following has the highest concentration outside the cell [extracellular compartment]

Which of the following have the highest concentration inside the cell

Concentration of hydrogen ions in fluid is measured ________ by pH units on a scale from 0-14

Many H+ ions, few OH- ions

Equal concentrations of both H+ and OH- ions

Few H+ ions, many OH- ions

What regulates the flow of fluid into and out of cells?

When the ECF has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the ICF fluid, water moves freely in and out of the cell and the cell does not change size. This is termed

For every 1 ATP molecule are pumped into the cell and ions are pumped out of the cell