Review the cells

Which of the following factors enables muscle cells to function at a high metabolic rate

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

The cell membrane maintains membrane receptors for attachment to ligands

Cilia

Thrashing movement of flagellum propels cell forward

Single long hairlike structure found in sperm, cells, and some pathogens

Contains nucleoplasm, DNA, rRNA, and ribosomal subunits

Site of transcription (transfer of genetic code DNA to mRNA) and production of ribosomal subunits

Double layered membrane. Outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

Located in nucleoplasm, composed of nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins) connected by sections of linker DNA; normally arranged in loose strands

Super coils to form X shaped chromosomes during cell division

Dense cluster of ribosomal RNA and protein; nucleoli are not membrane bound

Location of synthesis of ribosomal subunits

Protoplasm containing water, dissolved enzymes, electrolytes, nutrients, and protein

Medium for transport of intracellular molecules and organelles; supports cell membrane

Vesicles, vacuoles, and lipid droplets suspended in cytosol

Storage and transportation vesicles of intracellular substances

Structural complex within cytosol composed of microtubules, intermediary filaments and microfilaments

Provides strength, structure and support; affects cell division and movement of organelles and the cell membrane

Composed of microtubules arranged in a pinwheel; asters radiate away from it

Double-membrane bound organelle, internal membrane folds inward forming cristae; Increased internal surface area maximizes metabolic processed

Site of cellular respiration which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A system of collapsed sacs extending form the outer layer of the nuclear envelope

Produces, modifies and packages secretory proteins

Produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbohydrates

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the nucleoli

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in nucleoli

Protein manufactured on fixed ribosomes (RER) is intended for

Protein manufactured on free ribosomes is intended for

Site of protein synthesis

Composed of two subunits, one large and one small. Each subunit is made of RNA and protein

Responsible for breaking down individual misfolded or abnormal protein molecules; found throughout the cytosol

Hollow cylinder composed of subunits and caps on each end, and is half the size of a ____________

Network of connected flattened tubes stacked on to of one another

Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes; formed by Golgi apparatus

Refines and alters molecules intended for both secretion and internal use

Function is; Digestion of absorbed material and internally produced waste

Its rupture causes cellular autolysis

Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes

Produced by fission

Detoxify various molecules such as alcohol and formaldehyde; remove free radicals

Tiny barrel like capsule composed of RNA (vRNA) and protein, though to be very numerous in cells

Perhaps able to fit into nuclear pore complexes where one end opens to pick up or drop off molecules entering or exiting the nucleus

Moves cells through fluid

Moves fluid across cell surfaces

What % of an animals body is made of water

Small insensible water losses occurs due to

Greater water losses occur due to

A small amount of water is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, what is this water called?

What is extracellular fluid found in lymphatic and blood vessels called?

Extracellular fluid found outside vessels and surrounding cells (space between cells in a tissue)

Moderate to severe dehydration requires fluid therapy to prevent cellular dysfunction that can lead to organ failure or death

Charged particles [in body fluids] are called

Body fluids contain many different kinds of particles called _____

What are positive ions called

What are negative ions called

Identify the ionic compound

Composed of oppositely charged ions that separate from one another when mixed in water

Only certain ions are called electrolytes

All ions are electrolytes

Anions and cations are called electrolytes because they are capable of conducting an electrical current in solution

H+ is

OH- is

More H+ ions present in a solution, the greater its _________

The greater the concentration of OH- ions in solution, makes the solution more _________

The relative proportions of H+ to OH- ions determine the acidity or alkalinity of the fluid

Body solutions have low concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

Body solutions have high concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

Which of the following has the highest concentration outside the cell [extracellular compartment]

Which of the following have the highest concentration inside the cell

Concentration of hydrogen ions in fluid is measured ________ by pH units on a scale from 0-14

Many H+ ions, few OH- ions

Equal concentrations of both H+ and OH- ions

Few H+ ions, many OH- ions

In ill or debilitated animals, electrolyte concentrations and the pH of intracellular and extracellular fluid can become abnormally high or low and organ function can become impaired. Therefore, additives like KCI (potassium chloride) and NaCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) are used in IV fluids to adjust the ionic imbalances and aid in maintenance of homeostasis

What regulates the flow of fluid into and out of cells?

When the ECF has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the ICF fluid, water moves freely in and out of the cell and the cell does not change size. This is termed

When the ECF is less concentrated than the ICF water moves into the cell and the cell swells, this is termed

When the ECF is more concentrated than the cytoplasm, water goes into the ECF and the cell shrinks, this is termed

What causes leakage of fluids out of vessels and into the interstitium or into body cavities

The difference between osmotic pressure of blood and that of interstitial fluid or lymph = force, w/ plasma proteins, keeping fluid in blood vessels is termed

Force pushing a liquid (BP) is termed

Specialized protein pores called channels selectively let certain ions pass

Specialized protein pores called channels selectively let all ions pass

Which of the following easily passes through the cells lipid bilayer

Does kinetic energy increase of decrease with higher temperature

The concentration gradient is movement from higher to lower concentration

Glucose is too large to rely on simple diffusion, therefore it must enter the cell via _________

Osmosis occurs to achieve the same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane, this is known as the

Force of moving water across a membrane is called

Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Selective carrier proteins assist in the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one

Which of the following does not rely on a concentration gradient to drive the activity of the molecules [if the pressure is greater on one side of a membrane than the other side liquids may be pushed through

ATP is required to transport molecules that are

Which of the following relies on a carrier protein with a specific binding site but does not require a concentration gradient

All cells participate in the active transport of electrolytes ________--

Specialized cells can transport which electrolytes

For every 1 ATP molecule ____ are pumped into the cell and ____ ions are pumped out of the cell

Engulfs solid material

Engulfs liquid

Enables large particles, liquids and even entire cells to be taken into the cell by engulfing

Very selective; occurs in cells w/ specific protein receptor sites in their cell membranes for binding of ligands like hormones, iron & cholesterol

Exocytosis of waste products

Exocytosis of manufactured molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, histamine)

There is more ____ inside the cell

What is the term for when normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with another cell

Neoplasms develop when cells lose normal control over cell division

Which of the following involves the temporary or permanent inhibition of genes that may be active in another cell

Which of the following is the process that involves breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy?

Which of the following is the process in which stored energy is used to assemble new molecules

Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the lumen of the GI tract ?

Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the mitochondria

Which of the following is converted into monosaccharides during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Which of the following is broken down into amino acids during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Which of the following is broken down into nucleotides during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Which of the following is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

Once hydrolysis is complete, the smaller nutrient molecules are taken up by absorptive cells that line the small intestine and are transported through the cell away from the lumen of the intestine. What is the name of these absorptive cells ?

There is an important molecular product that comes from anaerobic respiration which carries a lot of the energy derived from food. What is the name of this molecular product ?

Acetyl coA is transferred to the mitochondria in order to be used for the last step of catabolism. Which of the following is the last step of catabolism

Once Acetyl coA is transported to the mitochondria it enters a cycle, which of the following is the cycle Acetyl coA enters in the mitochondria ?

Anabolic metabolism consists of dehydration synthesis, which is the opposite of hydrolysis. Where does dyhydration synthesis occur

During dehydration synthesis, what are simple sugars assembled into?

During dehydration synthesis, what are glycerol and fat connected and formed into?

During dehydration synthesis, what are chains of amino acids assembled and formed into?

How are molecular reactions initiated and controlled?

Enzymes react with specific molecules, what are these molecules called?

Each enzyme reacts with a molecule called a substrate to produce a new molecule, what is the name of the molecule produced

What is the name of the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction?

Enzymes are catalyst, which are substances that speed up reactions by modifying the energy of activation. What is this modification in specific

Some enzymes are not able to complete a reaction without the assistance of another substance. Elements such as iron, zinc or copper, are needed to complete the shape of a binding site or stabilize the enzyme-substrate. What is the nape for these nonprotein substances?

Nonprotein organic substances may also act as cofactors and are often vitamins or derived from vitamins. What is the term that refers to these nonprotein organic substances?

Which of the following substrates may be supplied through the diet or from breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or in the case of ruminants, VFA's [Proprionate] stored in the liver

Which substrate provides well over half the energy required to fuel metabolic functions, such as absorption, secretion, excretion, mechanical work, growth and repair

What is the process by which glucose is initially converted into G6P (via phosphorylation) then further broken down to form pyruvate in the cytosol of the cell

In oxygen-rich environments pyruvate enters the mitochondria to be used in the kreb's cycle and the elctron transport chain. However, some cells, like skeletal muscle cells may take a different path depending on the circumstances. When is it that skeletal muscle cells take a different metabolic pathway and concert pyruvate into lactic acid?

Once pyruvate enters the mitochondria it loses a carbon and then binds to a coenzyme, this forms acetyl coA. Now acetyl coA enters a cycle whihch generates energy and CO2 forms as a byproduct. Which diffuses out of the cells and into blood as waste [lungs then exhales]. What cycle is this referring to?

Where in the mitochondria does the Kreb's cycle occur

Where in the mitochondria does the Electron transport chain take place

Lipids are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. There are two common types of lipids, phospholipids and triglycerides. They have more chemical energy than carbs or proteins because they have a higher # of C-H bonds [energy is stored in bonds between the atoms]. Which organ is the primary controller of lipid metabolism?

The liver can remove lipids from the blood and alter their structures. For example, lipids may be broken into smaller fragments that enable them to enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvic acid or they may be fed directly into the Kreb's cycle. What is the name for this metabolic process?

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed into one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. Through a specific process, each fatty acid chain is broken down into multiple 2 carbon fragments. Some of these fragments are converted to acetyl CoA whereas others are converted into compounds called ketone bodies which can later be converted to Acetyl CoA. What is the name for the specific process mentioned above?

What type of protein makes up microtubules, hair, and collagen

What type of protein is insulin and other hormones

What type of protein is actin and myosin

What type of protein is hemoglobin and myoglobin

What kind of proteins can be found in eggwhites

What type of proteins are antibodies

What type of protein are cell receptors and membrane transport molecules

What type of protein is albumin and enzymes

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Most species only require 10 essential amino acids. However felines require 11. What is the 11th

Although amino acid catabolism occurs in most tissues, it is of particular importance in the intestinal mucosa, kidney, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle where it may undergo either deamination or transamination. Where do these processes occur

During which process of protein catabolism is the amine group transferred to another carbon chain to form a different amino acid? [which diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol where it can be used for the formation of other proteins]

Because the ammonia from deamination [in protein catabolism] is toxic, most deamination reactions occur in a specific organ. Where specialized agents are present to convert ammonia to urea (a NONTOXIC water-soluble protein that is excreted in urine). What organ is it?

In which process of protein catabolism is the amine group removed from the carbon chain and become an ammonia molecule

In deamination, the amine is removed from the carbon chain, the remaining carbon can

During protein synthesis, DNA does not leave a specific organelle, but rather, the genetic information it contains is copied onto a carrier molecule (mRNA), and transported to the cytoplasm where it is used to make protein. Which organelle does genetic information reside in?

[Protein synthesis] What is the formation of mRNA in the nucleus called

[During protein anabolism] What is the name of the process of building a new protein using the information on the mRNA molecule?

There are two types of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA. They are made up of chains of nucleotides. What are these nucleotides composed of?

DNA molecules are divided into subunits called genes and the sequence of nitrogenous bases makes up the genetic code

DNA replication occurs during the interphase of mitosis, what does it require here

What is the cell membrane composed of?

What do membrane receptors do?

What are cilia and what do they do?

What is a flagellum and what does it do?

What is the nucleus and what does it contain?

What happens inside the nucleus?

What is the nuclear envelope?

What is chromatin?

What is the nucleolus and where is it located?

What is cytosol?

What are inclusions and where are they found?

What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?

What are centrioles?

What are mitochondria and what do they do?

What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?

What is rough ER and what does it do?

What is smooth ER and what does it do?

Where are ribosomal subunits manufactured?

What is the fate of protein synthesized on the rough ER?

What is the fate of protein synthesized on free ribosomes?

What are ribosomes and what do they do?

What are proteasomes and what do they do?

What is the Golgi apparatus and what does it do?

What are lysosomes and what do they do?

What are peroxisomes and what do they do?

What are vaults and what do they do?