Review the cells
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors enables muscle cells to function at a high metabolic rate

  • Single nuclei and expanded surface area
  • Multiple nuclei and a smaller surface area
  • Increased nuclei and expanded surface area (correct)
  • Increased nuclei and a smaller surface area

    • Cell membrane

  • Phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins (correct)
  • Many fine hairlike structures on the luminal surface of cells
  • Double layer membrane punctated by countless nuclear pore complexes
  • Located in nucleoplasm

    • Cell membrane

  • Boundary between intracellular and extracellular environment
  • Double layered membrane punctated by countless nuclear pore complexes
  • Controls passage of substances into and out of the cell
  • Both A and C (correct)

    • The cell membrane maintains membrane receptors for attachment to ligands

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia

    <p>Many fine hairlike structures in luminal surface of cells that beat rhythmically in unisun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrashing movement of flagellum propels cell forward

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Single long hairlike structure found in sperm, cells, and some pathogens

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contains nucleoplasm, DNA, rRNA, and ribosomal subunits

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Site of transcription (transfer of genetic code DNA to mRNA) and production of ribosomal subunits

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double layered membrane. Outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Located in nucleoplasm, composed of nucleosomes (DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins) connected by sections of linker DNA; normally arranged in loose strands

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Super coils to form X shaped chromosomes during cell division

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dense cluster of ribosomal RNA and protein; nucleoli are not membrane bound

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Location of synthesis of ribosomal subunits

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protoplasm containing water, dissolved enzymes, electrolytes, nutrients, and protein

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medium for transport of intracellular molecules and organelles; supports cell membrane

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicles, vacuoles, and lipid droplets suspended in cytosol

    <p>Inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Storage and transportation vesicles of intracellular substances

    <p>Inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structural complex within cytosol composed of microtubules, intermediary filaments and microfilaments

    <p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provides strength, structure and support; affects cell division and movement of organelles and the cell membrane

    <p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Composed of microtubules arranged in a pinwheel; asters radiate away from it

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double-membrane bound organelle, internal membrane folds inward forming cristae; Increased internal surface area maximizes metabolic processed

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Site of cellular respiration which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A system of collapsed sacs extending form the outer layer of the nuclear envelope

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces, modifies and packages secretory proteins

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbohydrates

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the nucleoli

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in nucleoli

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein manufactured on fixed ribosomes (RER) is intended for

    <p>Export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein manufactured on free ribosomes is intended for

    <p>Intracellular use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Site of protein synthesis

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Composed of two subunits, one large and one small. Each subunit is made of RNA and protein

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Responsible for breaking down individual misfolded or abnormal protein molecules; found throughout the cytosol

    <p>Proteasomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hollow cylinder composed of subunits and caps on each end, and is half the size of a ____________

    <p>Proteasome, ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Network of connected flattened tubes stacked on to of one another

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes; formed by Golgi apparatus

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Refines and alters molecules intended for both secretion and internal use

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Function is; Digestion of absorbed material and internally produced waste

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Its rupture causes cellular autolysis

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produced by fission

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Detoxify various molecules such as alcohol and formaldehyde; remove free radicals

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tiny barrel like capsule composed of RNA (vRNA) and protein, though to be very numerous in cells

    <p>Vault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perhaps able to fit into nuclear pore complexes where one end opens to pick up or drop off molecules entering or exiting the nucleus

    <p>Vault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moves cells through fluid

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moves fluid across cell surfaces

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What % of an animals body is made of water

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Small insensible water losses occurs due to

    <p>Respiration and passive diffusion from the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Greater water losses occur due to

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A small amount of water is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, what is this water called?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is extracellular fluid found in lymphatic and blood vessels called?

    <p>Intravascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extracellular fluid found outside vessels and surrounding cells (space between cells in a tissue)

    <p>Interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate to severe dehydration requires fluid therapy to prevent cellular dysfunction that can lead to organ failure or death

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charged particles [in body fluids] are called

    <p>Ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body fluids contain many different kinds of particles called _____

    <p>Solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive ions called

    <p>Cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are negative ions called

    <p>Anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the ionic compound

    <p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Composed of oppositely charged ions that separate from one another when mixed in water

    <p>Salt - Ionic compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only certain ions are called electrolytes

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All ions are electrolytes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anions and cations are called electrolytes because they are capable of conducting an electrical current in solution

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H+ is

    <p>Hydrogen ions [released by acids]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OH- is

    <p>Hydroxyl ions [released by bases]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More H+ ions present in a solution, the greater its _________

    <p>Acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The greater the concentration of OH- ions in solution, makes the solution more _________

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative proportions of H+ to OH- ions determine the acidity or alkalinity of the fluid

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body solutions have low concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body solutions have high concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has the highest concentration outside the cell [extracellular compartment]

    <p>Na+, Cl-, HCO3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following have the highest concentration inside the cell

    <p>K+, HPO42-, SO42-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concentration of hydrogen ions in fluid is measured ________ by pH units on a scale from 0-14

    <p>Inversely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many H+ ions, few OH- ions

    <p>&lt;7, acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equal concentrations of both H+ and OH- ions

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Few H+ ions, many OH- ions

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ill or debilitated animals, electrolyte concentrations and the pH of intracellular and extracellular fluid can become abnormally high or low and organ function can become impaired. Therefore, additives like KCI (potassium chloride) and NaCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) are used in IV fluids to adjust the ionic imbalances and aid in maintenance of homeostasis

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the flow of fluid into and out of cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the ECF has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the ICF fluid, water moves freely in and out of the cell and the cell does not change size. This is termed

    <p>Isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the ECF is less concentrated than the ICF water moves into the cell and the cell swells, this is termed

    <p>Hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the ECF is more concentrated than the cytoplasm, water goes into the ECF and the cell shrinks, this is termed

    <p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes leakage of fluids out of vessels and into the interstitium or into body cavities

    <p>Decrease in oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference between osmotic pressure of blood and that of interstitial fluid or lymph = force, w/ plasma proteins, keeping fluid in blood vessels is termed

    <p>Oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Force pushing a liquid (BP) is termed

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specialized protein pores called channels selectively let certain ions pass

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specialized protein pores called channels selectively let all ions pass

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following easily passes through the cells lipid bilayer

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does kinetic energy increase of decrease with higher temperature

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration gradient is movement from higher to lower concentration

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is too large to rely on simple diffusion, therefore it must enter the cell via _________

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis occurs to achieve the same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane, this is known as the

    <p>Concentration equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Force of moving water across a membrane is called

    <p>Osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective carrier proteins assist in the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not rely on a concentration gradient to drive the activity of the molecules [if the pressure is greater on one side of a membrane than the other side liquids may be pushed through

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is required to transport molecules that are

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following relies on a carrier protein with a specific binding site but does not require a concentration gradient

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells participate in the active transport of electrolytes ________--

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specialized cells can transport which electrolytes

    <p>Cl-, I-, Fe2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For every 1 ATP molecule ____ are pumped into the cell and ____ ions are pumped out of the cell

    <p>2 K+, 3 Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engulfs solid material

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engulfs liquid

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enables large particles, liquids and even entire cells to be taken into the cell by engulfing

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Very selective; occurs in cells w/ specific protein receptor sites in their cell membranes for binding of ligands like hormones, iron & cholesterol

    <p>Receptor-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocytosis of waste products

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocytosis of manufactured molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, histamine)

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is more ____ inside the cell

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with another cell

    <p>Contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neoplasms develop when cells lose normal control over cell division

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following involves the temporary or permanent inhibition of genes that may be active in another cell

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the process that involves breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy?

    <p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the process in which stored energy is used to assemble new molecules

    <p>Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the lumen of the GI tract ?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catabolism occurs in three stages, which stage occurs in the mitochondria

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is converted into monosaccharides during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is broken down into amino acids during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is broken down into nucleotides during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during the first step of catabolism [hydrolysis]

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once hydrolysis is complete, the smaller nutrient molecules are taken up by absorptive cells that line the small intestine and are transported through the cell away from the lumen of the intestine. What is the name of these absorptive cells ?

    <p>Enterocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is an important molecular product that comes from anaerobic respiration which carries a lot of the energy derived from food. What is the name of this molecular product ?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetyl coA is transferred to the mitochondria in order to be used for the last step of catabolism. Which of the following is the last step of catabolism

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once Acetyl coA is transported to the mitochondria it enters a cycle, which of the following is the cycle Acetyl coA enters in the mitochondria ?

    <p>Kreb's cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anabolic metabolism consists of dehydration synthesis, which is the opposite of hydrolysis. Where does dyhydration synthesis occur

    <p>The cytoplasm of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dehydration synthesis, what are simple sugars assembled into?

    <p>Chains of polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dehydration synthesis, what are glycerol and fat connected and formed into?

    <p>Fat molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dehydration synthesis, what are chains of amino acids assembled and formed into?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are molecular reactions initiated and controlled?

    <p>Specialized proteins called enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes react with specific molecules, what are these molecules called?

    <p>Substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each enzyme reacts with a molecule called a substrate to produce a new molecule, what is the name of the molecule produced

    <p>Product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Energy of activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are catalyst, which are substances that speed up reactions by modifying the energy of activation. What is this modification in specific

    <p>Decrease in the energy of activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some enzymes are not able to complete a reaction without the assistance of another substance. Elements such as iron, zinc or copper, are needed to complete the shape of a binding site or stabilize the enzyme-substrate. What is the nape for these nonprotein substances?

    <p>Cofactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonprotein organic substances may also act as cofactors and are often vitamins or derived from vitamins. What is the term that refers to these nonprotein organic substances?

    <p>Coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substrates may be supplied through the diet or from breakdown of glycogen, glycerol, or in the case of ruminants, VFA's [Proprionate] stored in the liver

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrate provides well over half the energy required to fuel metabolic functions, such as absorption, secretion, excretion, mechanical work, growth and repair

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which glucose is initially converted into G6P (via phosphorylation) then further broken down to form pyruvate in the cytosol of the cell

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In oxygen-rich environments pyruvate enters the mitochondria to be used in the kreb's cycle and the elctron transport chain. However, some cells, like skeletal muscle cells may take a different path depending on the circumstances. When is it that skeletal muscle cells take a different metabolic pathway and concert pyruvate into lactic acid?

    <p>When the oxygen supply has become depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once pyruvate enters the mitochondria it loses a carbon and then binds to a coenzyme, this forms acetyl coA. Now acetyl coA enters a cycle whihch generates energy and CO2 forms as a byproduct. Which diffuses out of the cells and into blood as waste [lungs then exhales]. What cycle is this referring to?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the mitochondria does the Kreb's cycle occur

    <p>Cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the mitochondria does the Electron transport chain take place

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. There are two common types of lipids, phospholipids and triglycerides. They have more chemical energy than carbs or proteins because they have a higher # of C-H bonds [energy is stored in bonds between the atoms]. Which organ is the primary controller of lipid metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver can remove lipids from the blood and alter their structures. For example, lipids may be broken into smaller fragments that enable them to enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvic acid or they may be fed directly into the Kreb's cycle. What is the name for this metabolic process?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides are hydrolyzed into one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. Through a specific process, each fatty acid chain is broken down into multiple 2 carbon fragments. Some of these fragments are converted to acetyl CoA whereas others are converted into compounds called ketone bodies which can later be converted to Acetyl CoA. What is the name for the specific process mentioned above?

    <p>Beta oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein makes up microtubules, hair, and collagen

    <p>Structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is insulin and other hormones

    <p>Regulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is actin and myosin

    <p>Contractile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is hemoglobin and myoglobin

    <p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of proteins can be found in eggwhites

    <p>Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are antibodies

    <p>Protective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein are cell receptors and membrane transport molecules

    <p>Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is albumin and enzymes

    <p>Osmoregulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most species only require 10 essential amino acids. However felines require 11. What is the 11th

    <p>Taurine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Although amino acid catabolism occurs in most tissues, it is of particular importance in the intestinal mucosa, kidney, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle where it may undergo either deamination or transamination. Where do these processes occur

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process of protein catabolism is the amine group transferred to another carbon chain to form a different amino acid? [which diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol where it can be used for the formation of other proteins]

    <p>Transamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because the ammonia from deamination [in protein catabolism] is toxic, most deamination reactions occur in a specific organ. Where specialized agents are present to convert ammonia to urea (a NONTOXIC water-soluble protein that is excreted in urine). What organ is it?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process of protein catabolism is the amine group removed from the carbon chain and become an ammonia molecule

    <p>Deamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In deamination, the amine is removed from the carbon chain, the remaining carbon can

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, DNA does not leave a specific organelle, but rather, the genetic information it contains is copied onto a carrier molecule (mRNA), and transported to the cytoplasm where it is used to make protein. Which organelle does genetic information reside in?

    <p>The nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Protein synthesis] What is the formation of mRNA in the nucleus called

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [During protein anabolism] What is the name of the process of building a new protein using the information on the mRNA molecule?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are two types of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA. They are made up of chains of nucleotides. What are these nucleotides composed of?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA molecules are divided into subunits called genes and the sequence of nitrogenous bases makes up the genetic code

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication occurs during the interphase of mitosis, what does it require here

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

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