Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is DNA Helicase responsible for?
What is DNA Helicase responsible for?
- Transporting amino acids
- Connecting Okazaki fragments
- Unwinding and unzipping the double helix (correct)
- Adding new nucleotides
What do Single Stranded Binding proteins do?
What do Single Stranded Binding proteins do?
They keep the DNA strands separate during replication.
What does RNA Primase add to each strand of DNA?
What does RNA Primase add to each strand of DNA?
RNA Primer
What does DNA Polymerase do?
What does DNA Polymerase do?
What characterizes the Leading Strand?
What characterizes the Leading Strand?
What are Okazaki Fragments?
What are Okazaki Fragments?
What is the direction of elongation for the Lagging Strand?
What is the direction of elongation for the Lagging Strand?
What is the function of DNA Ligase?
What is the function of DNA Ligase?
How is RNA structured compared to DNA?
How is RNA structured compared to DNA?
What type of sugar does RNA contain?
What type of sugar does RNA contain?
What are the nitrogen bases for RNA?
What are the nitrogen bases for RNA?
What is the role of Messenger RNA?
What is the role of Messenger RNA?
What do Ribosomal RNA and proteins form?
What do Ribosomal RNA and proteins form?
What is the function of Transfer RNA?
What is the function of Transfer RNA?
In Transcription, DNA unzips, and only one side acts as a template, forming ____
In Transcription, DNA unzips, and only one side acts as a template, forming ____
What regulates RNA synthesis?
What regulates RNA synthesis?
What binds temporarily to the DNA strand during transcription?
What binds temporarily to the DNA strand during transcription?
What are Exons?
What are Exons?
Processed mRNA carries the appropriate coding sequence and ____ the nucleus.
Processed mRNA carries the appropriate coding sequence and ____ the nucleus.
What happens to the DNA strands after transcription?
What happens to the DNA strands after transcription?
Where are the instructions for Protein Synthesis encoded?
Where are the instructions for Protein Synthesis encoded?
___ amino acids are used to make proteins, so DNA must provide for ___ different codes.
___ amino acids are used to make proteins, so DNA must provide for ___ different codes.
What is a Codon?
What is a Codon?
What happens to mRNA after it is synthesized?
What happens to mRNA after it is synthesized?
What attaches to the ribosome's 5' end?
What attaches to the ribosome's 5' end?
What do tRNA molecules do?
What do tRNA molecules do?
What is an Anticodon?
What is an Anticodon?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Replication
- DNA Helicase: Enzyme that unwinds and unzips the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between strands.
- Single Stranded Binding Proteins: Stabilize separated DNA strands during replication to prevent reannealing.
- RNA Primase: Synthesizes a short RNA primer for DNA replication initiation on both strands.
- DNA Polymerase: Enzyme that adds new nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand.
- Leading Strand: Synthesized continuously toward the replication fork, with nucleotides added to the 3' end.
- Lagging Strand: Synthesized discontinuously away from the replication fork, forming Okazaki fragments.
- Okazaki Fragments: Short segments of DNA on the lagging strand that are joined later.
- DNA Ligase: Enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments, completing the lagging strand.
RNA Composition and Function
- RNA: Single-stranded nucleic acid with a structure similar to DNA but contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine.
- Ribose: Sugar component in RNA, differing from deoxyribose in DNA.
- Nitrogen Bases in RNA: Include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): Long strands of RNA that carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms the core component of ribosomes, facilitating protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): Smaller RNA molecules that transport amino acids to the ribosome, crucial for assembling proteins.
Transcription Process
- Transcription: DNA unzips, and one strand serves as a template to synthesize mRNA.
- RNA Polymerase: The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from the DNA template during transcription.
- Complementary Nucleotide: Binds to the DNA strand during transcription to form mRNA.
- Introns and Exons: Introns are non-coding sequences removed during RNA processing; exons are the coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA.
mRNA Processing and Translation
- Processed mRNA: Carries the coding sequence for protein synthesis and exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
- Protein Synthesis: Instructions encoded in DNA dictate the formation of proteins.
- Amino Acids: There are twenty different amino acids that make up proteins, requiring twenty different codes.
- Codon: A sequence of three bases on mRNA that encodes a specific amino acid.
- Anticodon: A series of three bases on tRNA that base-pairs with the corresponding mRNA codon during translation.
- Ribosome Attachment: The 5' end of mRNA attaches to the ribosome to initiate protein synthesis.
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