Untitled Quiz

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

• HAIs are infections acquired in a healthcare setting
• They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

• Enacted in 1996
• Protects patient privacy and confidential healthcare information
• Ensures patient health information is kept secure

CNA Renewal Requirements

• Requires 24 hours of continuing education for renewal
• Must be completed within 24 months prior to license expiration

OBRA (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987)

• Enacted to improve quality of care for nursing home residents
• Established training standards for CNAs
• Requires nursing homes to provide resident care plans

Chain of Infection

• Infectious Agent: microorganism that causes the infection (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
• Reservoir: Place where the agent lives (e.g., humans, animals, environment)
• Portal of Exit: Route the agent leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory secretions, open wounds)
• Mode of Transmission: How the agent travels (e.g., direct contact, airborne droplets)
• Portal of Entry: Route the agent enters the host (e.g., mucous membranes, broken skin)
• Susceptible Host: Person who is at risk for infection (e.g., elderly, immunocompromised)

Pain Types

• Acute Pain: Short-term, usually associated with injury or surgery
• Chronic Pain: Long-lasting, may persist for months or years

Common Causes of Pain in Residents

• Arthritis
• Cancer
• Nerve damage
• Degenerative conditions

Effects of Pain

• Emotional: Anxiety, depression, anger, irritability
• Physical: Decreased mobility, appetite changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue

R.A.C.E. Fire Response

• Rescue: Remove residents from danger
• Alarm: Activate the nearest fire alarm
• Contain: Close doors and windows to limit fire spread
• Extinguish: Use a fire extinguisher if safe

P.A.S.S. Fire Extinguisher Use

• Pull: Pull the pin on the extinguisher
• Aim: Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire
• Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent
• Sweep: Sweep the nozzle back and forth across the base of the fire

Resident Seizure Care

• Stay with the resident: Do not leave them alone
• Clear the area: Move furniture or objects to prevent injury
• Protect the head: Position a pillow or blanket under the head
• Turn the resident on their side: Prevent choking
• Do not put anything in the resident’s mouth: This can cause injury
• Document the seizure: Record the time it started and ended, type of seizure, and any other relevant details

Seizures

• Definition: Abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing involuntary muscle contractions
• Causes: Epilepsy, head injury, stroke, infection

Effective Team Communication

• Clarity
• Respect
• Active listening
• Open communication
• Feedback

Ineffective Team Communication

• Lack of clarity
• Judgmental communication
• Disrespect
• Closed communication

Dignity in Patient Care

• Definition: Treating residents with respect and valuing their individuality
• Importance: Helps residents maintain their sense of self-worth and autonomy

Empathy

• Definition: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others
• Examples:
  • "I can imagine how difficult this must be for you."
  • "That sounds like a frustrating experience."

Electronic Documentation

• Accuracy: Ensure all information is correct
• Timeliness: Record information promptly
• Confidentiality: Protect patient privacy by adhering to HIPAA regulations

Overcoming Communication Barriers

• Use clear and concise language
• Speak slowly and enunciate clearly
• Use nonverbal cues to reinforce communication
• Be patient and understanding
• Ask for clarification if needed

Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication

• Verbal: Use of spoken words
• Nonverbal: Body language, facial expressions, tone of voice

Military Time Conversion

• Military to Conventional:
  • Subtract 1200 from military time if it’s greater than 1200.
  • Add "a.m." after the time if it’s 0100 to 1159.
  • Add "p.m." after the time if it’s 1300 to 2359.
  • 0000 = 12 a.m.
  • 1200 = 12 p.m.
• Conventional to Military:
  • Add 1200 to the conventional time if it’s after 12 p.m.
  • Keep the time between 1 a.m. and 12 p.m.

Handwashing Technique

• Wet hands with running water
• Apply soap
• Lather hands for at least 20 seconds
• Rinse hands thoroughly under running water
• Dry hands with a clean paper towel or air dryer

Most Crucial Step in Handwashing

• Rinsing: Removes soap and germs effectively

Objective vs. Subjective Data

• Objective: Measurable and observable facts (e.g., blood pressure, temperature)
• Subjective: Information provided by the resident about their experience (e.g., pain level, feelings)

Systemic Infection

• Definition: Infection that affects the entire body
• Example: Sepsis

Fall Risk Factors in Geriatric Clients

• Impaired balance and gait
• Muscle weakness
• Vision or hearing problems
• Medications that cause drowsiness or dizziness
• Cognitive impairment

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Fall Risk Factors

• Extrinsic: Environmental factors (e.g., poor lighting, clutter, slippery floors)
• Intrinsic: Individual factors (e.g., age, medical conditions, medications)

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

• Putting On: Gown, mask, eye protection, gloves
• Taking Off: Gloves, eye protection, gown, mask
• Items and Purpose:
  • Gloves: Prevent contamination and protect from germs
  • Mask: Protects from airborne particles
  • Gown: Protects clothing from contamination
  • Eye Protection: Protects eyes from splashes or sprays

Elopement in Healthcare Setting

• Definition: A resident leaving the healthcare facility without authorization

TOSS POWS Dressing Method

• TOSS: Turn resident to their side
• POWS: Pull garment away from the resident’s body

Foot Care Steps

• Wash the feet: Use warm water and mild soap
• Dry thoroughly: Including between toes
• Examine for any signs of infection: Redness, swelling, pain
• Moisturize: Apply lotion to the feet, avoiding the area between the toes
• Trim toenails: Straight across, not into the corners
• Wear comfortable, well-fitting shoes: Avoid tight shoes that restrict circulation

Nail Care Steps (Fingernails)

• Trim nails: Straight across using clippers
• File edges: Smooth edges for better hygiene and to prevent scratching

Nurse Aide General Duties

• Assisting residents with ADLs (Activities of Daily Living): Bathing, dressing, toileting, eating
• Observing and reporting changes in resident condition: Vital signs, pain levels, behavior
• Providing companionship and emotional support
• Maintaining a safe and clean environment

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Organisms

• Anaerobic: Can survive without oxygen
• Aerobic: Require oxygen to survive

Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Use

• Appropriate when hands are not visibly soiled
• Not effective against certain organisms like Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

Breaking Links in the Chain of Infection

• At least one link in the Chain of Infection must be broken to prevent infection

Sharing Resident Information

• Can only share information with other healthcare professionals involved in the resident’s care

NA Scope of Practice

• Determined by the state or licensing agency: Each state has specific regulations for CNAs

Respoonding to Choking

• If alone, call for help by dialing 911 or your facility’s emergency number
• If two people are present, one person calls for help while the other assists the choking resident

Culture in Healthcare

• Definition: The shared beliefs, values, traditions, and practices of a group of people
• Importance: Helps healthcare providers understand and respect the diverse needs and preferences of residents

Ethics for CNAs

• Defined as moral principles that guide behavior
• Important for guiding CNAs to make ethical decisions in their practice

BEFAST Stroke Recognition

• Balance: Sudden loss of balance or coordination
• Eyes: Vision changes or sudden blurry vision
• Face: Facial drooping or weakness
• Arms: Weakness or numbness in one arm
• Speech: Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
• Time: Time is crucial. Call 911 immediately

Nurse Aide Supervision

• Supervised by a licensed nurse

Standard Precautions

• Definition: Infection control practices used to prevent the spread of all germs
• When to use: With every resident, regardless of their diagnosis

Most Effective Disease Spread Prevention

• Handwashing: Most effective way to prevent the spread of germs

Nursing Assistant Legal Responsibilities

• Following facility policies and procedures
• Reporting abuse or neglect
• Maintaining resident confidentiality
• Providing safe and competent care
• Documenting care accurately and completely

Localized Infection

• Definition: Infection confined to a specific area of the body
• Example: Skin infection

Caring for Residents with Impaired Vision

• Identify yourself when entering the room
• Use clear and simple language
• Explain procedures and actions
• Orient residents to the environment using verbal cues

Strategies for Communication Enhancement

• Use open-ended questions
• Active listening
• Use nonverbal cues
• Be patient
• Adjust communication style to the resident’s needs

Therapeutic Communication Questions

• Open-ended questions that encourage the resident to express their thoughts and feelings
• Examples:
  • "Tell me about your day."
  • "How are you feeling today?"
  • "What are your concerns?"

Medications Nurse Aides Can Administer

• Generally none, except for mouth swabs for oral care or medications already prepared in oral syringes

Importance of Infection Prevention

• Protects residents and staff from the spread of infectious diseases
• Helps maintain a safe and healthy environment

Standard Precautions Use

• Used with all residents and their bodily fluids

Medical Asepsis

• Definition: Clean technique that reduces the number of pathogens
• Examples: Handwashing, wearing gloves, using clean equipment

Aerobic Microorganism Thriving Conditions

• Presence of oxygen
• Warm temperatures
• Moisture

Encouraging Independence During Personal Care

• Allow residents to participate in their care as much as they can
• Offer choices
• Provide assistance as needed

Medical Record

• Definition: A collection of documents containing a patient’s health information
• Purpose: Provides a comprehensive record of a resident’s care and helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions

Pain Definition in Healthcare

• Defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Comfort Measures to Decrease Pain

• Massage
• Warm or cold compresses
• Positioning
• Relaxation techniques
• Distraction

NA Choice for Pain Management

• NAs can offer the resident comfort measures but cannot administer pain medication

NA Role in Pain Management

• Observing and reporting pain level
• Providing comfort measures
• Encouraging the resident to express their pain

Nurse Aide in North Carolina

• A licensed healthcare professional who assists registered nurses in providing patient care

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Enactment

• Enacted in 1987

Chain of Infection First Link

• Infectious Agent: microorganism that causes the infection
  • Examples: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

Reservoir

• Definition: Place where the infectious agent lives
  • Examples: Humans, animals, environment
  • The reservoir can be a link in the Chain of Infection because it provides a place for the infectious agent to multiply

Portal of Exit

• Definition: Route the agent leaves the reservoir
  • Examples:
    • Respiratory secretions (coughing, sneezing)
    • Open wounds
    • Feces
    • Urine
    • Blood

Modes of Transmission

• Direct Contact: Person-to-person contact (e.g., touching)
• Indirect Contact: Contact with a contaminated object (e.g., touching a contaminated doorknob)
• Droplet Transmission: Coughing or sneezing that spreads droplets
• Airborne Transmission: Infectious particles remain suspended in the air (e.g., tuberculosis)
• Vector Transmission: Spread by animals or insects (e.g., mosquitoes transmitting malaria)

Portal of Entry

• Definition: Route the agent enters a new host (e.g., mucous membranes, broken skin)
• Examples:
  • Mucous membranes (nose, mouth, eyes)
  • Open wounds
  • Respiratory tract
  • Urinary tract
  • Digestive tract

Susceptible Host

• Definition: Person who is at risk for infection
• Examples:
  • Elderly
  • People with compromised immune systems
  • People with chronic illnesses
• They are more susceptible because their immune system is weaker and less able to fight off the infection

Patient Rights Regarding Medical Condition

• Patients have the right to know their diagnosis, treatment plan, and prognosis
• Right to refuse treatment
• Right to confidentiality
• Right to access their medical records

Promoting Dignity During Elimination

• Provide privacy
• Allow the resident to choose their preferred time for toileting
• Respect the resident’s personal preferences during care

Routine Tasks Concerns

• The NA should be concerned about all aspects of resident well-being, not just routine tasks

“Thinking on One’s Feet”

• Ability to adapt and respond to unexpected situations in a quick and decisive manner

Managing Family Members during Medical Procedures

• Respect family members: Allow them to participate in the resident’s care as appropriate
• Communicate with family: Keep them informed of the resident’s condition and any changes in the care plan

Person-Centered Care

• Definition: Care that focuses on the individual needs and preferences of the resident
• Involves:
  • Respecting the resident’s autonomy
  • Providing individualized care
  • Communicating effectively with residents and their families

Person-Centered Care Example

• Asking a resident what their favorite foods are and incorporating those preferences into their meal plan

Acute Pain

• Definition: Short-term pain, usually associated with injury or surgery
• Duration: Typically lasts for less than 6 months

Chronic Pain

• Definition: Pain that persists for longer than 3 to 6 months
• Characterization: Often associated with a persistent medical condition
• May not always have a clear cause

Tactful Statement Communication with Family Members

• Statements that are respectful, supportive, and avoid making judgments

Tactful Statement Purpose

• To build rapport with family members and foster a positive relationship

Identifying with a Patient’s Needs or Situation

• Understanding their perspective and showing empathy

Patient Right Violated by Lack of Privacy During Bath

• Right to privacy

Critical Thinking in Patient Care

• The ability to analyze a situation, consider different perspectives, and make informed decisions based on evidence

Assisting a Client Faced with a Difficult Decision

• Provide unbiased information and support to help them make a decision

Healthcare Family Definition

• Anyone identified by the resident as family, including family members, close friends, and significant others

Family Member Assistance with Patient Care Response

• Welcome family members and encourage their involvement

Family Assistance with Resident Adjusting to a New Environment

• Families can provide familiar items from the residents' home
• Families can help the resident navigate the new environment
• Families can provide emotional support

Patient-Centered Care Goals

• Improve resident satisfaction
• Promote resident well-being
• Increase resident independence
• Reduce hospital readmissions

Type of Care That Allows Unique Individuality

• Person-centered care

Resident Involvement in Care Demonstration

• Demonstrates respect for their autonomy and sense of control

Pain Effects on Lifestyle

• Decreased mobility
• Fatigue
• Sleep disturbances
• Social isolation
• Emotional distress
• Cognitive impairment

Comfort Measures to Decrease Pain

• Massage
• Warm or cold compresses
• Positioning
• Relaxation techniques
• Distraction

Severe Acute Pain Indication

• May indicate a serious medical condition

Patient History Collection and Critical Thinking

• Helps understand if the patient is experiencing something new or if their pain is related to a known issue

Respecting Personal Space Actions

• Asking permission before touching
• Maintaining a safe distance
• Knocking before entering a resident’s room

Empathy Demonstrations in Patient Care

• Active listening
• Validating feelings
• Offering words of comfort and support

NA Options for Pain Management

• Comfort measures: Massage, warm or cold compresses, repositioning
• Encourage the resident to describe their pain to the nurse

Responding to Acute Condition Change

• Immediately report the change to the nurse

Responding to Crying Patient

• Provide comfort and a listening ear
• Identify the cause of the crying if possible

Actions Supporting Resident Dignity

• Providing privacy
• Respecting the resident’s choices
• Promoting independence
• Treating the resident with respect

Resident Interests Display in Room

• Support their dignity by allowing them to personalize their space

Rigid Schedules Failing to Support

• Resident autonomy and individual preferences

Subjective Pain

• Pain described by the resident

Assisting with Chronic Pain

• Offer comfort measures
• Report changes in pain levels to the nurse
• Encourage communication with the resident's doctor

NA Role in Pain Management

• Observing and reporting pain level
• Providing comfort measures
• Encouraging the resident to express their pain

Sleep Patterns with Pain

• Often interrupted and of poor quality

Pain Being Worse At Night

• Pain may be worse at night because there are fewer distractions

Key to Successful Patient-Centered Care

• Effective communication

Compromise Role in Healthcare Relationships

• It is important to compromise to find solutions that meet the needs of both healthcare providers and residents

Promoting Self-Esteem

• Allowing residents to participate in their care
• Acknowledging their achievements
• Treating them with respect and dignity

Family Importance in Healthcare

• Families provide emotional support and help residents adjust
• Families can assist in providing care

Connectedness in Patient Care

• Building meaningful relationships with residents and their families

Milliliters in an Ounce

• 30 milliliters (ml)

Nutrients that Provide Energy and Flavor

• Carbohydrates and fats

Thickened Fluids Utensil

• A special spoon designed to administer thickened fluids

Nursing Process Steps

• Assessment: Gather information about the resident
• Diagnosis: Identify the resident’s health problems
• Planning: Develop a plan of care
• Implementation: Carry out the plan of care
• Evaluation: Monitor the resident’s progress

Incident Report Information

• Date and time of the incident
• Location of the incident
• Description of the incident
• Names of any witnesses
• Details of any injuries

Most Essential Nutrient

• Water

Food Thickeners Required by

• People with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

Protein Sources

• Meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, dairy products

Vitamin C Boosting System

• Immune system

Assessment Phase in Nursing Process

• Gather information about the resident’s condition, needs, and preferences

Incident Report Narrative Exclusion

• Personal opinions or judgments

Prosthesis Example

• Artificial limb

Calcium Function

• Strong bones and teeth

Incident Report Completion Situations

• Falls
• Medications errors
• Near misses
• Accidents
• Resident complaints

Nursing Care Plan

• Definition: A written plan that outlines the resident’s care needs
• Purpose: Ensures consistent care for the resident

MyPlate Campaign Encouragement

• Eating a balanced diet from all food groups
• Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein

Nutrient Necessary for Growth and Repair

• Protein

Good Nutrition Physical Characteristics

• Healthy weight
• Strong and shiny hair
• Clear skin
• Good energy levels

MyPlate Sections

• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Grains
• Protein
• Dairy

NA Contribution to Care Plan Development

• Providing information about the resident’s needs and preferences
• Reporting observations to the nurse

Dysphagia

• Definition: Difficulty swallowing

Medical Legal Forms an NA Can Explain

• Advance Directives: Documents that specify a resident's wishes for future healthcare
• Informed Consent: The resident’s consent to receive treatment after being informed of the risks and benefits

Clear Liquid Diet Allowed Foods

• Water
• Clear broth
• Juice without pulp
• Gelatin
• Popsicles

Nutrients and Primary Functions

• Carbohydrates: Provide energy
• Proteins: Growth and repair
• Fats: Provide energy, cushion organs, and insulate the body
• Vitamins: Support various bodily functions
• Minerals: Support various bodily functions
• Water: Hydration, transports nutrients, regulates body temperature

Person-Centered Care Encouragement

• Asking the resident their preferences and making decisions together

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Steps

• Physiological Needs: Basic needs for survival (e.g., food, water, shelter, sleep)
• Safety Needs: Needs for security and protection (e.g., safety from harm, stability)
• Love and Belonging Needs: Needs for affection, love, and connection (e.g., relationships, friendship)
• Esteem Needs: Needs for self-respect and recognition (e.g., accomplishment, confidence)
• Self-Actualization Needs: Needs for personal growth and fulfillment (e.g., achieving full potential)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Order

• Important needs begin at the bottom of the hierarchy and work their way up

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Definition

• A model that describes the hierarchy of human needs
• States that basic needs must be met before higher-level needs can be achieved

Incident Report Completion

• When: As soon as possible after the incident occurs
• By whom: The person who witnessed or discovered the incident

HIPAA Reasons

• To protect patient privacy and confidentiality
• To prevent the misuse or unauthorized disclosure of patient health information
• To create a more secure healthcare system

Military Time Conversion

• See explanation above

Ethics in Healthcare

• Moral principles that guide professional behavior
• Encourage professionals to act in a responsible, honest, and caring manner

False Imprisonment in Healthcare

• Restricting a resident’s freedom of movement without legal justification
• Example: Keeping a resident confined to a room without a valid medical reason

Negligence in Patient Care

• Failing to provide reasonable care, resulting in harm to the resident
• Examples:
  • Giving a resident the wrong medication
  • Failing to report a change in a resident’s condition
  • Leaving a resident unattended in a dangerous situation

Food Thickeners Purpose

• To make liquids thicker and easier to swallow
• Helps prevent aspiration (inhaling food or liquid into the lungs)

Bowel and Bladder Re-training Program Duration

• Typically lasts for several weeks

NA Role in Nursing Process

• Assessment: Reporting observations to the nurse
• Planning: Assisting with implementing the care plan
• Implementation: Providing direct care
• Evaluation: Reporting changes in the resident’s condition and progress

Nursing Care Plan Purpose

• Ensures consistent care for the resident
• Outlines the resident’s specific needs and how they should be addressed

Foot Drop Prevention Methods

• Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO)
• Regular foot exercises
• Proper positioning

MyPlate Campaign Awareness

• Recognizing it as a guide to overall healthy eating
• Encourage residents or patients to follow these guidelines

Elimination in Healthcare Context

• Bowel and bladder function
• Includes toileting, bowel movements, and urination

NA Approach to Applying Prosthetic Device

• Respect and dignity: Allow the resident to participate as much as possible
• Safety: Ensure the device is properly fitted and safe to use

Body Mechanics ABCs

• Alignment: Maintain proper posture
• Balance: Distribute weight evenly
• Coordination: Work efficiently with controlled movement

Lateral Position

• Lying on the side with hips and knees bent

Restrained Resident Observation and Repositioning

• Residents with restraints should be observed and repositioned at least every two hours

Body Mechanics for Working with Clients in Bed

• Use proper lifting techniques
• Use assistive devices as needed (e.g., lift sheets, slide boards)
• Maintain a stable base of support

Food Thickeners Common Usage

• Persons with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

False Imprisonment Definition

• Restricting a resident’s freedom of movement without their consent or legal justification

Informed Consent Requiring Medical Procedure Example

• Surgery