92 Questions
Which of the following glazes was known for its antique appearance and was often used to imitate the patina of archaic bronze?
Tea-dust
Which polychrome enamel style has a black ground?
famille noir
What is another name for the Sang de Boeuf glaze?
flambe' glaze
Which glaze was produced at the Imperial kiln in a pale or lavender blue color?
Claire de lune
Which type of glaze involves the use of a reduced copper-based glaze with pinkish red mottled with russet spots?
Peach bloom
During which dynasty were blue and white porcelains introduced that made a great leap forward in worldwide influence?
Qing Dynasty
Which reigns were the most famous for producing Qing porcelain wares?
Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong
When did European collecting of Chinese porcelain reach its peak?
18th century
Which copper red glaze is often slashed with streaks of purple or turquoise?
Sang de Boeuf
Which glaze was likely discovered by accident when a black glaze was unintentionally under-fired?
Tea-dust
What was the primary purpose of the earliest Japanese ceramics from the Jomon period?
Cooking
Which method was primarily used to form the earliest Japanese ceramics?
Coil method
During which period did Japanese ceramic pots include decorations resembling human or animal faces?
Middle Jomon period
What significant development in ceramics occurred during the Yayoi period?
Use of fine alluvial clays
Which type of kiln is built into the slope of a mountain?
Bank or climbing kiln
What is Haji ware known for?
Resembling Yayoi pottery
What is the characteristic feature of Sué ware?
Natural ash glaze
Where did the natural ash glaze, characteristic of later Japanese wares, originate?
Korea
What was a unique feature of pottery from the Kofun period?
Production of haniwa figures
What is NOT true about the ceramics of the Jomon period?
They used the potter's wheel extensively.
What is Nabeshima ware primarily associated with?
Exclusive use by family and friends
Which characteristic is most associated with Ko-Kutani?
Bold and imaginative overglaze designs
What was Kyoto known for in the 19th century?
Porcelain production
Which statement best describes the contemporary taste in Japanese ceramics?
Values both utilitarian works of folk potters and export items
During the Meiji era, what significant changes occurred in Japanese ceramics?
Incorporated new European influences while retaining native traditions
What is Hamada Shoji best known for?
Iron and ash glazes on stoneware
How are modern Japanese ceramics characterized today?
Exciting, with both historical and new influences
What was the primary use of early Philippine pottery?
Utilitarian purposes such as cooking and storage
Which period did the tea cult spread to the military and merchant classes?
Momoyama period
Which of the following glazes is used in Seto pottery?
Ash glaze
Which ware is admired for its rugged shapes and somber lead glazes?
Raku ware
Which style of Momoyama ware employed freehand geometric patterns and wisteria painted in iron oxide?
e-Karatsu
What type of ware became so famous that its name denotes a certain kind of high-quality decorative pottery?
Kenzan ware
Which ware is typified by brown iron-oxide painted designs with a transparent green glaze?
Oribe ware
Which ware is a hard stoneware, usually brick red, and unglazed except for glaze formed by falling ash?
Bizen ware
Which type of porcelain was popular in 17th-century Europe and even imitated by the Chinese?
Imari ware
Who was a master ceramicist during the period when Tokugawa family Shoguns centralized power?
Ogata Kenzan
What material discovery allowed Japanese potters to make their own hard, pure white porcelain?
Kaolin
What does 'Aging' refer to in ceramics?
Allowing newly mixed casting slip to set undisturbed for several hours
What is glass primarily composed of?
Silica, alkali, and limestone
What is the purpose of 'Burnishing'?
To produce glossy surfaces and close bubbles on the glazed surface
Which substance is added to glass to absorb infrared rays?
Cerium
Which term refers to hairline cracks on the surface of a glaze?
Crazing
What is a major disadvantage of soda-lime glass?
Poor resistance to sudden temperature changes
What does the term 'Matte Glaze' refer to?
A glaze with a flat, non-glossy surface
What is a 'Kiln'?
A refractory-lined chamber where clay objects are fired
For what purpose is lead glass primarily used?
Decorative items and drinking glasses
What is added to glass to increase its refractive index?
Barium
Which term is used to describe the process of firing a glazed ceramic vessel with hard tack or leaving bare bisque areas?
Burning
Which property of soda-lime glass makes it suitable for use in windows?
Light transmission
Which cultures greatly influenced Japan during the sixth and seventh centuries?
Chinese and Korean
What is 'Silica'?
Sand, or powdered quartz
What type of pottery was influenced by Song celadons during the Kamakura period?
Ki-seto
Which oxide is commonly added to glass to impart color?
Metallic oxides
What is 'Slip' in ceramics?
Clay in a liquid form used to decorate pottery
Which term best describes a glaze defect where the glaze pulls away from the bisque?
Coil
What stabilizer is usually used in the production of most glass?
Lime
During which period was the quality of pottery said to have declined?
Late Heian (Fujiwara) period (894-1185)
Which period marked Japan's first historical epoch?
Nara period (710-784)
Which of the following definitions matches the term 'Oxidation'?
A firing process in a kiln with sufficient oxygen for the fuel to burn completely
Which type of pottery was named after the town where it was made?
Tokoname
What was the influence of Zen Buddhism on ceramics during the Kamakura Period?
It encouraged simpler and more austere ceramics.
What were common features of the ceramics from the medieval Kamakura and Muromachi periods?
Strength of form and the use of natural-ash glazes
Which period did not encourage ceramic arts but saw the tradition of the tea ceremony stimulate the manufacture of beautiful vessels?
Muromachi period (1338-1573)
What significant change occurred in Japan's ceramic work during the sixth and seventh centuries?
Assimilation of Chinese and Korean ceramics techniques
What was the typical color of the glazes on Kamakura period ceramics influenced by Song celadons?
Yellow and amber
Which component is significant in borosilicate glass besides silica?
Boric oxide
Which type of glass is known commercially as Pyrex?
Borosilicate Glass
Which glass product is most commonly used to make consumer goods like bottles and drinking glasses?
Hollowware
What is a key characteristic of float glass manufacturing?
Molten glass is poured onto a surface of molten tin
What is the primary application factor for special glass?
Application and appearance
Which type of flat glass involves drawing molten glass from a furnace in a cylindrical shape?
Sheet Glass
Which type of glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses?
Annealed Glass
What is the main feature of tempered glass when it fractures?
It breaks into relatively harmless pebble-sized particles
Which type of glass is used to conceal structural elements in curtain wall construction?
Spandrel Glass
Which chemical admixture gives tinted glass a bronze tint?
Selenium
Which type of glass consists of two or more sheets separated by a hermetically sealed air space?
Insulating glass
How is low-emission (low-e) glass produced?
By depositing a low-e coating on the glass or on a plastic film
What is the purpose of wired glass in construction?
To prevent shattering in event of breakage or excessive heat
What is the main advantage of laminated or safety glass in case of breakage?
It retains fragments due to interlayers of resin
Which type of glass has a thin, translucent metallic coating?
Reflective glass
Which event is NOT responsible for the formation of natural glass?
Living organisms
When was evidence of Philippine pottery-making first found?
6000 BC
What type of designs did early Philippine pottery feature by the New Stone Age?
Geometric cut-outs
Which method was NOT traditionally used to seal early Philippine pottery?
Glaze
What was the purpose of the earliest types of Philippine pottery?
Domestic use
What significant change in Philippine pottery occurred by the 10th century?
High level of artistry
Which of the following is NOT one of the notable Philippine potters mentioned?
Ang Kiukok
Which potter is known for incorporating volcanic ash glazes in their work?
Lanuelle Abueva-Fernardo
Where is the pottery tradition of burnay maintained?
Vigan
Which potter distinguishes his work with the use of bamboo and twigs?
Ugu Bigyan
Why did Filipino potters begin using imported ceramics?
They were more waterproof and durable.
Study Notes
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
- Fine porcelain vessels were produced for both domestic and foreign markets.
- Potters focused on refining glazes, including:
- Famille verte (green, yellow, and aubergine purple)
- Famille noir (black ground)
- Famille jaune (yellow ground)
- Monochromatic copper red glazes (e.g., oxblood, peach bloom)
- New glaze effects (e.g., tea dust, Claire de lune)
- Blue and white porcelain became a major export during this period.
- The most famous Qing porcelain wares were produced during the reigns of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong.
Glaze Types
- Sang de Boeuf (Oxblood): A glossy, rich, blood-red glaze with streaks of purple or turquoise.
- Peach Bloom: A glaze with a pinkish-red color, mottled with russet spots and tinged with green.
- Tea-dust: A dark green or brownish glaze with a speckled appearance.
- Claire de lune: A high-fired, soft, pale or lavender blue glaze.
Japanese Ceramics
-
Prehistoric Ceramics (10,500 - 300 BC):
- Characterized by large, cone-shaped cooking pots with stamped or rolled cord patterns.
- Made using the coil method and low-fired earthenware.
-
Jomon Period (10,500 - 300 BC):
- Pots were decorated with ovals, circles, spirals, and human or animal faces.
- Small figurines were also produced during this period.
-
Yayoi Period (300 BC - 300 AD):
- Introduced the use of bronze and finer alluvial clays.
- Ceramics were characterized by thinner walls and more delicate shapes.
-
Nara Period (710 - 784):
- High-fire pottery was introduced, with monochromatic green or yellowish-brown glazes.
-
Heian Period (794 - 894):
- Natural ash glazes were developed, and celadons were introduced.
-
Kamakura Period (1185 - 1333):
- Ceramics industry flourished, with the production of Ki-seto (yellow Seto) and other types of ceramics.
-
Muromachi Period (1338 - 1573):
- The tea ceremony became popular, stimulating the production of ceramic vessels.
- Shigaraki and other kilns produced high-quality ceramics.
Medieval Japanese Ceramics
-
Kamakura and Muromachi Periods:
- Characterized by a duality of strength of form and natural-ash glazes.
- Stoneware and porcelain implements were used in the tea ceremony.
-
Momoyama Period (1573 - 1603):
- The tea cult spread to the military and merchant classes.
- Stoneware and porcelain implements reflected the tasteful, subtle beauty of the ceremony.
- Famous kilns and wares include Raku, Seto, and Oribe.
Decorated Stoneware and Porcelain
-
Momoyama Period (1573 - 1603):
- Raku ware was characterized by irregular shapes and soft, somber lead glazes.
- Oribe ware featured brown iron-oxide painted designs.
- Karatsu ware had several styles, including geometric patterns and iron oxide decoration.
- Bizen ware was characterized by a hard, brick-red stoneware with natural-ash glazes.
-
Tokugawa Period (1603 - 1867):
- Kenzan ware was a type of high-quality decorative pottery.
- Imari ware was a type of porcelain known for its bright-colored designs.
- Nabeshima ware was reserved for family and friends, with designs drawn on thin tissue.
Philippine Ceramics
-
Early Pottery (6000 BC):
- Evidence of pottery-making has been found in Sanga-sanga Cave and Laurente Cave.
-
Pre-Colonial Period:
- Pottery was used for utilitarian purposes, such as cooking and storing liquids.
- Burial jars, like the Manunggul Jar, were used to store the remains of corpses.
-
Contemporary Ceramics:
- Several potters have diverged from tradition to create unique designs.
- Notable potters include Jon Pettyjohn, Lanuelle Abueva-Fernardo, Ugu Bigyan, and Hadrian Mendoza.### Ceramics
- Crazing: hairline cracks formed on the surface of a glaze due to differences in the thermal expansion rates of the glaze and the clay body.
- Crosshatching: a decorative technique that involves parallel lines crossed at right angles.
- Drying: achieved by applying non-fired clay which has been well-kneaded into a smooth, even surface.
- Enamel: a form of low-temperature glaze that is applied on top of an already fired higher-temperature glaze.
- Flux: a combination of materials that melts into a glass, coated, and regulated into a clay body to give the fired ceramic increased impermeability.
- Frit: a pre-fired glass that is either not completely soluble or completely insoluble when added to an un-fired glaze batch.
- Fusion: occurs in the kiln when the fire has melted (fluxed) enough of the glaze's components to make it flow smoothly into a continuous sheet.
- Glaze: a vitreous, mineral coating that can result from the fire at a lower temperature of the clay body and is normally transparent or translucent.
- Kiln: a refractory-lined chamber where clay objects are fired.
- Matte glaze: opaque glaze that has a flat instead of a glossy surface.
- Neutral: neither acid nor alkaline.
- Oxidation: refers to the burning process in a kiln in which there is sufficient oxygen in the kiln atmosphere for the fuel to burn completely.
- Peeling: refers to the flaking off of an applied glaze caused by the uneven thermal expansion of the glaze and the clay body.
- Pyrometer: an instrument that measures temperature.
- Reduction: firing atmosphere in which the kiln atmosphere is made to be reducing (devoid of oxygen) by introducing a carbonaceous material such as sawdust or oil into the kiln.
- Refractory: as in "refractory clay", capable of withstanding high temperatures without melting.
- Salt glaze: a glaze utilizing the vaporization of salt.
- Salt firing: traditional, rock salt is thrown into an oil-fired kiln at peak temperature for several firings. Salt volatilizes, combines with clay particles to form a glass coating on the ware.
- Sanitary ware: earthenware that can resist great heat and is therefore suitable for lining interior spaces such as bathrooms.
- Scumming: occurs when soluble salts rise to the surface during the firing process and are deposited on the surface of the ware.
- Segger: a porous box placed in the kiln to protect certain pieces, usually in the form of a box with an open top.
- Silica: sand, or powdered quartz.
- Slip: clay in a liquid form and is often used to decorate pottery.
- Stilt: a small stilt-like projection on a glazed ceramic ware which prevents the ware from sticking to the kiln shelf.
- Stoneware: a hard, non-porous ceramic made from high-fired clay.
- Terra sigillata: the technique was used to impressive effect in the 1st-century Romano-British pottery industry.
Glassware
Definition
- Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization.
Composition and Properties
- Most glass is a mixture of silica, an alkali to lower the melting point, lime as a stabilizer, and cullet (waste glass) to assist in melting the mixture.
- Properties of glass are varied by adding other substances, commonly in the form of oxides.
Classifications of Glass
Soda-Lime Glass
- The most common commercial glass.
- Chemical and physical properties of soda-lime glass are the basis for its wide use.
- Soda-lime glass is primarily used for bottles, jars, everyday drinking glasses, and window glass.
- Light transmission is one of its important properties, making it suitable for use as flat glass in windows.
Lead Glass
- Also known as lead crystal.
- Has a high refractive index and relatively soft surface, making it especially suited for decorating by grinding, cutting, and engraving.
- The specific gravity of lead glass is higher than that of soda-lime glass, and it is mostly used as drinking glasses, vases, bowls, ashtrays, or as decorative items.
Materials of Decoration
8.3 Types of Glasses
- Borosilicate glass: composed of silica and boric oxide with smaller amounts of alkalis, known commercially as Pyrex.
- Special glass: the most significant factor is application and appearance.
8.4 Types of glass
- Flat glass: refers to all glass products in a flat form regardless of manufacturing method.
- Hollowware: consumer goods such as bottles, drinking glasses, etc. Most hollowware is made of soda-lime glass.
8.5 Three Major Types of Flat Glass
- Sheet glass: fabricated by drawing molten glass from a furnace or forming a cylinder.
- Plate glass: molten glass is rolled into a plate and subsequently ground and polished, providing virtually clear vision.
- Float glass: pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly minimizes distortion and eliminates the need for grinding and polishing.
8.6 Varieties of Glass Products
- Annealed glass: glass that is cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses.
- Heat-strengthened glass: annealed glass that is partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden cooling.
- Tempered glass: annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior.
- Laminated or safety glass: consists of two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if the glass is broken.
- Wired glass: flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat.
- Patterned glass: has a linear or geometric surface pattern formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light.
- Obscure glass: has one or both sides acid-etched or sandblasted to obscure vision.
- Spandrel glass: an opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.
- Insulating glass: a glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation.
- Tinted or heat-absorbing glass: a float glass that has a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible light that strike it.
- Reflective glass: has a thin, translucent metallic coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant heat that strikes it.
- Low-emission (low-e) glass: transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, produced by depositing a low-e coating either on the glass itself or over a transparent plastic film suspended in the sealed air space of insulating glass.
8.7 Historical Evolution of Glass
- The discovery of glass: natural glass has existed since the beginnings of time, formed when certain types of rocks melt as a result of high-temperature phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, lightning strikes, or the impact of meteorites, and then cool and solidify rapidly.
Explore the development of fine porcelain vessels during the Qing Dynasty, including glaze refinement and prominent export wares.
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