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Questions and Answers
What are the classifications of hypertension?
What are the classifications of hypertension?
Primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension.
What are the risk factors for hypertension in children and adolescents?
What are the risk factors for hypertension in children and adolescents?
Obesity, family history, sedentary lifestyle, and high salt intake.
What is the DASH diet?
What is the DASH diet?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
What interventions can decrease risk factors for cardiovascular disorders?
What interventions can decrease risk factors for cardiovascular disorders?
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What is Raynaud phenomenon?
What is Raynaud phenomenon?
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What is a C-reactive protein?
What is a C-reactive protein?
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What is high-density lipoprotein?
What is high-density lipoprotein?
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What is the blood pressure reading for Stage 2 hypertension?
What is the blood pressure reading for Stage 2 hypertension?
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What are the signs and symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?
What are the signs and symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?
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What is atherosclerosis?
What is atherosclerosis?
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What is angina?
What is angina?
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What is infective endocarditis?
What is infective endocarditis?
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What is cor pulmonale?
What is cor pulmonale?
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What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
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What is a priority intervention for pneumothorax?
What is a priority intervention for pneumothorax?
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What is a sweat test?
What is a sweat test?
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Study Notes
Classifications of Hypertension
- Hypertension is classified into four stages: Stage 1, Stage 2, Hypertensive urgency, and Hypertensive emergency.
- Stage 1: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140-159 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90-99 mmHg.
- Stage 2: SBP of 160 mmHg or higher or DBP of 100 mmHg or higher.
- Hypertensive urgency: Elevated blood pressure without evidence of acute target organ damage.
- Hypertensive emergency: Elevated blood pressure with evidence of acute target organ damage (e.g., encephalopathy, stroke, heart failure, aortic dissection, pulmonary edema).
Risk factors for Hypertension in children and adolescents
- Family history of hypertension
- Obesity
- High sodium intake
- Low potassium intake
- Physical inactivity
- Stress
- Smoking
DASH Diet
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet focuses on reducing sodium intake and increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products.
- Foods included in the DASH diet: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, poultry without skin, fish, low-fat dairy products, nuts, and seeds.
Priority teachings for prevention and control of blood pressure
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Engage in regular physical activity.
- Limit sodium intake.
- Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products.
- Reduce alcohol consumption.
- Quit smoking.
- Manage stress levels.
Raynaud Phenomenon
- Raynaud phenomenon is a condition characterized by vasospasm, primarily in the fingers and toes, typically triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress.
- Interventions to decrease risk factors: avoid cold temperatures, wear warm clothing, stop smoking, and manage stress.
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
- A biomarker indicative of inflammation in the body, often elevated in those with cardiovascular disease.
ACE Inhibitors
- ACE inhibitors work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and decreased aldosterone release, ultimately lowering blood pressure.
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as "good cholesterol," is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
Stage 2 Hypertension Blood Pressure Reading
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 160 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 100 mmHg or higher.
Assessment and Risk factors for Orthostatic Hypotension
- Assessment includes measuring blood pressure while lying, sitting, and standing to identify a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing.
- Risk factors include dehydration, medications (e.g., antihypertensives), prolonged bed rest, and autonomic nervous system disorders.
Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk factors for Hypercholesterolemia
- Modifiable risk factors: diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
- Non-modifiable risk factors: genetics and age.
Signs and symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected leg
- Possible calf tenderness
Nursing intervention for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Elevation of the affected limb
- Warm compresses
- Anticoagulation therapy
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) in the arteries, blocking blood flow and increasing risk of heart attack and stroke.
Signs and symptoms of Abdominal Aneurysm
- Pulsating mass in the abdomen
- Abdominal pain
- Back pain
- Possible rupture leading to internal bleeding and shock
Angina
- Angina is chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle, often triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress.
Treatment for Rheumatic Fever
- Antibiotics (typically penicillin) to eradicate the underlying streptococcal infection
- Anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., aspirin) to reduce inflammation and pain
- Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent episodes
Heart Failure (HF)
- Pathophysiology: The heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues.
- Primary cause of HF in infants and children: Congenital heart defects
Infective Endocarditis
- A bacterial infection that affects the inner lining of the heart chambers, usually occurring in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions.
Serum Biomarker Test for Myocardial Tissues
- Troponin is a highly specific biomarker for myocardial injury, often used in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).
BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide)
- BNP is a hormone released by the heart in response to pressure overload. Elevated levels of BNP are suggestive of heart failure.
Biomarker Tests for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Troponin, Creatine Kinase (CK-MB), and myoglobin are commonly used biomarkers to diagnose an MI.
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Family history of CAD
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
ACE Inhibitors: Mechanism of Action
- ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and decreased aldosterone release, ultimately lowering blood pressure.
- ACE inhibitors also have other benefits, such as improving left ventricular function and reducing afterload.
Exercise Stress Test
- An exercise stress test is a diagnostic test that assesses how the heart functions during physical exertion. It is used to evaluate cardiovascular health and identify underlying coronary artery disease.
Primary Treatment Goal for Heart Failure
- Reduce the symptoms of heart failure
- Improve quality of life
- Slow the progression of heart failure
Left-sided Heart Failure
- Symptoms: Dyspnea (shortness of breath), orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying down), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (sudden awakening with shortness of breath at night), cough, fatigue, and edema in the lower extremities.
Patient Teachings for Left-sided Heart Failure
- Monitor weight daily for signs of fluid retention.
- Rest frequently and avoid strenuous activities.
- Maintain a healthy diet with reduced sodium intake.
- Take medications as prescribed.
- Contact a healthcare provider for any worsening symptoms.
Right-sided Heart Failure
- Symptoms: Jugular venous distention, edema in the lower extremities and abdomen, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen).
Patient Teachings for Right-sided Heart Failure
- Monitor weight daily for signs of fluid retention.
- Rest frequently and avoid strenuous activities.
- Maintain a healthy diet with reduced sodium intake.
- Elevate the legs to reduce swelling.
- Take medications as prescribed.
- Contact a healthcare provider for any worsening symptoms.
Asthma
- Pathophysiology: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by bronchospasm, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucosal edema, leading to airflow obstruction and wheezing.
Types of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Chronic bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi, leading to excessive mucus production and chronic cough
- Emphysema: destruction of the alveoli, leading to air trapping and reduced lung capacity
Cor Pulmonale
- Cor pulmonale is a condition in which the right ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and thickened due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension).
Risk Factors for Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
- COPD
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Congenital heart defects
- Sleep apnea
- Obesity
Risk Factors for Atelectasis
- Surgery
- Prolonged bed rest
- Pneumonia
- Shallow breathing
Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
- Sudden onset of dyspnea
- Chest pain
- Cough
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
- Tachycardia
Signs and Symptoms of Pleuritis
- Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing
- Pleural friction rub (a grating sound heard upon auscultation)
- Fever
- Dyspnea
Risk Factors for Cystic Fibrosis
- Genetic predisposition
Sweat Test - Cystic Fibrosis
- A sweat test is a diagnostic test that measures chloride concentration in sweat. Elevated chloride levels are diagnostic of cystic fibrosis.
Priority Medication for Acute/Severe Asthma Attack
- Inhaled bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol)
Signs and Symptoms of Advanced COPD
- Dyspnea
- Wheezing
- Chronic cough with copious sputum
- Barrel chest
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
Medical Intervention for Pleural Effusion
- Thoracentesis (aspiration of fluid from the pleural space)
Factors that Trigger Asthma Attacks
- Allergens (e.g., dust mites, pollen, animal dander)
- Irritants (e.g., smoke, fumes, air pollution)
- Exercise
- Cold air
- Stress
Pulmonary Hypertension
- Pathophysiology: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition in which the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries is abnormally high, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure.
- Causative factors: COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, congenital heart defects, sleep apnea, obesity, certain medications, and some autoimmune diseases.
Causative Factors of Emphysema
- Smoking
- Air pollution
- Genetic predisposition
Priority Intervention - Pneumothorax
- Monitoring the patient's respiratory status
- Providing supplemental oxygen
- Chest tube insertion (if indicated)
- Pain management
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