Qatar's History until 1868
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Questions and Answers

Did the internal conflict in Bahrain impact the political situation in Qatar?

Yes

What was one of the actions taken by the Qatari tribes to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority?

  • Demanding independence from Bahrain
  • Attacking Al Khalifa's representative in Al Wakra
  • Requesting help from other regional powers
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Did Al Khalifa extend their power over Qatar following an agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa?

    True

    The Qatari tribes began to feel the need for establishing an independent entity capable of combatting any outside influence trying to control it, leading them to consider the possibility of ____________.

    <p>establishing an independent entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was authorized to rule the province established by the Saudis using Bahrain as its headquarters?

    <p>Abdulla bin Ofeisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What doctrine did the province enter into voluntarily?

    <p>Al-Salafy doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The downfall of the first Saudi state in 1818 was due to internal conflicts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who referred to his ruler in Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha, to weaken the authority of the Saudi state?

    <p>Ottoman sultan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their outcomes:

    <p>British bombardment of Al-Bada city in 1821 = Resulted in the destruction of Doha British shelling of Doha in 1841 = Partially held Sheikh of Doha responsible for hostilities and shelled Doha with artillery fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant developments occurred in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s?

    <p>Conflict among members of the Al Khalifa over the right to rule, growth of local Qatari tribes, emergence of the Al Thani family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the outcomes of the Battle of Umm Suwaya in 1847?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf was killed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal conflict in Bahrain during 1840-1843 led to the transition of the conflict to ________.

    <p>Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad were part of the conflict in Bahrain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the historical name given to the region which included Al-Ahsa, awal island, Al-Qatif, and Qatar?

    <p>Al-bahrain countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Ottoman Empire struggle to establish effective control over the Arabian Gulf region in the last third of the 19th century?

    <p>Competition with the Safavids in Iran.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottomans controlled Al-ahsa but faced difficulties in establishing a strong maritime base in Basra.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Al-__ tribe of Bani Khalid resisted the Ottomans for nearly 80 years.

    <p>Hamid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tribal branches with their respective leaders:

    <p>Al-Sabah = Sheikh Suliman bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa = Sheikh Khalifa Bin Mohammed Al-Jalahima = Sheikh Jaber bin Ataba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who helped establish the rule of the Al Sabah in Kuwait before their dispute and subsequent move to Bahrain?

    <p>Al Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led Al Khalifa to return to Zubarah in 1766 after leaving Kuwait?

    <p>To strengthen ties with Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was recognized as the rulers of Qatar as a result of the 1868 agreement?

    <p>Al Thani family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Al Khalifa manage to conquer Bahrain island?

    <p>1783</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key reasons that led the Al Thani family to migrate from Najd to Qatar?

    <p>Tribal conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was known for his intelligence, vigilance, and sense of humor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ottomans annexed Al-ahsa and destroyed the authority of Bani Khalid in 1793.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who succeeded in controlling Qatar after a failed attempt by the Saudis from 1793-1794?

    <p>Ibrahim bin Ofeisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was considered the leader of the ______ Thani family and ______ Maadeed because he belonged to the _Maadheed tribe.

    <p>Al</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors that enabled the Al Thani family to lead the Qatari tribes with their descriptions:

    <p>Social and economic status = Accumulated wealth from pearl trade Al Maadheed urbanization = Belonged to an urbanized tribe Political talent and wisdom = Displayed intelligence and skillfulness in leadership Leadership against opponents = Led Qatari tribes against Al-Khalifa of Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Creation and Development of Qatar until 1868

    • The history of Qatar before the mid-19th century was part of the history of Al-Ahsa province, which extended from Basra to Oman.
    • Qatar was not an independent political entity and did not have its own government.

    Al-Ahsa Region and Its Geographical Boundaries

    • Al-Ahsa was a historical region that included Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.
    • Al-Ahsa was also known as "Al-Bahrain countries" or "countries of two seas" due to its location between the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea.

    The Political Situation in Al-Ahsa Province before the Origin of Qatar

    • Al-Ahsa was ruled by different tribes, including Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis, before the Ottoman Turks arrived in the 16th century.
    • The Ottomans expelled the Portuguese from Al-Ahsa in the 16th century and established their own rule.

    The Ottoman Presence in the Region

    • The Ottoman Empire did not have effective control over the Arabian Gulf until the late 19th century due to various factors.
    • The Ottomans conquered Al-Ahsa in the 16th century and subjugated the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-jabri to their authority.

    Bani Khalid and Qatar

    • Bani Khalid managed to establish a strong authority in Al-Ahsa region in the 17th century.
    • Bani Khalid did not have direct control over Qatar and its tribes, but relied on their in-laws from the Al-Mosalam family to collect taxes and manage affairs in Qatar.

    Tribal Migrations

    • Tribes such as Al-Atube and Al-Maaded immigrated from central Arabia to the western coast of the Gulf in the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to drought and tribal disputes.
    • The Al-Atube confederation settled in Al-Zubara in Qatar and later migrated to Kuwait and Bahrain, where they established their own rule.

    The Downfall of Bani Khalid Rule in Al-Ahsa and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

    • Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the 18th century, and they were eventually defeated by the Saudi forces, who established the first Saudi state in 1744.
    • The Saudi state expanded its control over Al-Ahsa, Qatar, Bahrain, and other Gulf regions.

    The Downfall of the First Saudi State

    • The Ottoman governor in Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha, led a campaign against the Saudi state and destroyed its capital, Al-Dara'aya, in 1818.
    • The Saudi state collapsed, and the province's ruler was captured.

    Britain's Presence in the Gulf and Its Relation with Qatar

    • Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company and flourished after Britain's conquest of the Gulf.
    • Britain imposed agreements and treaties on the Gulf emirates, including Qatar, to abolish piracy, safeguard navigation, and maintain public peace in the sea.

    Rahma Bin Jabir Al-Jalahma

    • Rahma was a pirate who operated in the Gulf and attacked Al-Khalifa's ships.
    • He was eventually killed in a marine battle in 1828, and his problems with Al-Khalifa ended.

    The Emergence of the Al Thani Family

    • The Al Thani family emerged as a prominent family in Qatar in the late 18th century.

    • They would eventually establish their own rule in Qatar and sign a treaty with Britain in 1916.### The Creation of the Second Saudi State and its Effects on the Relationship between Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa and his two sons, Mubarak and Nasser, moved to live in Qatar's coast to monitor the movements of the Saudi state in 1823

    • Al Khalifa tried to extend their power over the people of Al-Huwaila in Qatar in 1835 but they revolted against them

    • Disagreements rose between Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa and Issa bin Turayf, Sheikh of the Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew with a large part of his tribe to Abu Dhabi

    Developments in Qatar during the 1820s and 30s before the Internal Conflict in Bahrain

    • Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's Utub attempting to fill the vacuum that resulted from the first Saudi state's fall and extend its power over the region
    • Rahma bin Jabir entered into conflict with the Sheikhs of Bahrain and used the coast of Qatar as a base for his operations
    • The Sheikhs of Bahrain attempted to extend their control over the Qatari tribes, which led to insurgencies by the Qatari tribes

    British Relations with Qatar

    • The British noticed increasing attacks on ships in the Gulf between 1835 and 1836 by people moving from the Omani coast to the Qatari coast
    • The British accused the people of Qatar of sympathizing with immigrants from the Omani coast
    • The British took three measures to end the attacks, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in the maritime truce agreements, and forcing the Sheikhs of Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al-Udaid to make pledges

    The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain and its Effects on Qatar

    • The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) led to the involvement of Abu Dhabi and the growth of local Qatari tribes' power
    • The Al Thani family emerged, providing local leadership to rid Qatar and its tribes of all forms of control imposed in the past
    • The British intervened to maintain maritime peace in the region

    Parties to the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 and the Role of Qatari Tribes

    • The conflict began between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad over the right to rule
    • The conflict led to the split of the Al Khalifa into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions
    • Parties to the conflict moved to Qatar, and three of Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's sons rebelled and demanded they rule the emirate
    • Sheikh Abdullah moved to stay in Khor Hassan in Qatar to monitor the situation
    • Local forces emerged in Qatar and influenced the events there, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani

    The Role of Qatari Tribes in the Internal Conflict in Bahrain

    • Qatari tribes played a significant role in the internal conflict in Bahrain
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition of Qatari tribes to help him invade Bahrain and overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad
    • The coalition used Al-Fuwairit as its base to march to Bahrain and succeeded in entering Bahrain and taking over power

    The Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes after the Battle of Mesaimeer

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim as collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against the government in Bahrain
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa took actions against the Qatari tribes, including besieging Doha and preventing ships from docking in Doha

    Qatar in Light of the Internal Conflict in Bahrain, according to 1866 British Reports

    • A British report described the situation in Qatar as follows:
      • Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis in order to maintain his property in Qatar
      • The tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from any tribal attack
      • An agent of the Saudi government resided in Doha between 1852 and 1866

    Qatar during the Bahraini Internal Conflict around the end of the First Half of the 19th Century

    • The impact of the internal conflict in Bahrain on Qatari tribes was significant, including:
      • Qatari tribes began to feel that they needed to establish an independent entity capable of combatting any outside influence attempting to control it
      • Discord and disintegration characterized Qatari tribes before the 1840s, helping Al Khalifa to extend power over the Qatari tribes
      • After the 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim emerged as the leaders needed to encourage the tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula### Characteristics Of Al Khalifa's Power In Qatar And The Reasons Behind The Strained Relationship Between Al Khalifa And The Qatari Tribes
    • Al Khalifa's power in Qatar was characterized by imprisoning the Sheikh of the Al Naeem tribe, Ali bin Thamer, and attacking the caravan, leading to the Qatari tribes seeking help from Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani to free the Sheikh and force Al Khalifa's representative to flee to Bahrain.

    The Position Of Al Khalifa Towards The Growing Strength Of Al Thani And Their Attempts To Unite The Qatari Tribes

    • Al Khalifa's actions to maintain power in Qatar and counter the growing strength of Al Thani included:
      • Appeasing the Al Naeem tribes and inviting their leaders to visit Bahrain to improve Al Khalifa's image among Qatari tribes.
      • Planning to dispose of Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani by inviting him to visit Bahrain, where he was betrayed and imprisoned.
      • Imprisoning Jassim Al Thani, which created tension in the relationship between Al Khalifa and Qatari tribes.

    Britain's Position On The Tribal Conflicts Between Al Khalifa And The Qatari Tribes

    • The British Political Resident took a tough stance towards Al Khalifa and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi after their attack on Al Wakra and Doha in 1867, violating agreements signed between Britain and the Sheikhs of the Gulf.
    • The British actions included:
      • Bombing and destroying Abu Maher Castle in Muharraq.
      • Deposing Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and appointing his brother Ali, who vowed to arrest his brother upon his return to Bahrain.
      • Imposing a hefty fine and demanding the handover of Al Khalifa's warships to British authorities.

    Provisions Of The 1868 Agreement Between The British Political Resident And Sheikh Mohammad Bin Thani

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani pledged to:
      • Reside in Doha in peace.
      • Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea.
      • Seek adjudication by the British resident in any dispute with his neighbors.
      • Maintain a good relationship with the new Sheikh of Bahrain, Ali bin Khalifa.
      • Extradite the former ruler of Bahrain, Mohammad bin Khalifa, to British authorities if he falls into his hands.

    The Emergence Of The Al Thani Family

    • The conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain led to the emergence of the Al Thani family.
    • The Al Thani family migrated from Najd in the Arabian Peninsula to Qatar in the early 18th century due to tribal conflicts and drought.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani arrived in Doha in 1848 and led the Qatari tribes against their opponents of Al-Khalifa of Bahrain.

    Founder Of The Al Thani Family

    • The Al Thani family founder was a senior pearl merchant who accumulated great wealth, making him a prestigious figure with a strong social and economic status.
    • He was well-known for his urbanization and development skills and his ability to bring the Qatari tribes together.

    Sheikh Mohammad Bin Thani Bin Mohammad, His Birth, Traits, Authority

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was born in Al-Fuwairit and moved to Doha in 1848 with his family.
    • He was known for his generosity, intelligence, discernment, vigilance, acumen, good nature, and sense of humor.
    • He was also a skilled negotiator and a devoted reader, which expanded his knowledge of literature and poetry.

    The Factors That Enabled The Al Thani Family To Lead The Qatari Tribes

    • The Al Thani family's social and economic status, urbanization skills, and powerful and influential status in the vicinity of Al-Bidaa contributed to their leadership.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's power and prestige rose among the Qatari tribes after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf and his wisdom and political talent in sparing the Qatari tribes a confrontation with the Saudis.
    • His leadership in the war against Al Khalifa's attempts to take revenge on the Qatari tribes and his alliance with Prince Faisal bin Turki also solidified his position.

    The Role Of Sheikh Mohammad Al Thani In Creating A Political Entity In Qatar

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani is considered Qatar's first ruler from the Al Thani family and the first to base the family in Doha.
    • His role in creating the emirate can be summarized as:
      • Preventing a confrontation between the Qatari tribes and the Saudis and allying with Faisal bin Turki.
      • Leading the tribes that helped Mohammad bin Khalifa take over power in Bahrain.
      • Entering into a conflict with Al Khalifa that ended with a treaty signed with the British resident in the Gulf on September 12, 1868, recognizing Qatar as an emirate.

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