Untitled Quiz

Prepares signals for accurate data acquisition in ABE. It involves amplification, filtering, and noise reduction to ensure reliable measurements of biological and environmental data.

Devices that convert a physical quantity (e.g., temperature, pressure) into electrical signals. They offer advantages over mechanical sensors in terms of signal transmission, modification, and recording.

Enhances measurement precision by filtering out unwanted interference. It ensures data reliability and consistency.

Increases the strength of weak signals to usable levels. Amplifiers boost signals from millivolt range to the required voltage (1 to 10 V) for various systems.

The factor by which an amplifier multiplies the strength of an input signal. Gain is often expressed as a ratio or in decibels (dB).

The range of frequencies an amplifier can handle without significant loss of gain or distortion.

The time shift between input and output signals in an amplifier, often caused by circuit design and signal frequency.

Input signal is the signal fed into the amplifier. Output signal is the amplified signal produced by the amplifier. Both signals are often sinusoidal waveforms with a specific frequency and amplitude.

The output signal of an amplifier is a amplified version of the input signal, with a phase angle.

A Wheatstone bridge converts small changes in resistance into a measurable voltage difference.

The most common application of a Wheatstone bridge is to measure strain using a strain gauge.

The resistance of a strain gauge changes when stretched or compressed due to changes in its length and cross-sectional area.

The gauge factor (GF) describes how much the resistance of a strain gauge changes for a given amount of strain.

A Wheatstone bridge can be used to calculate strain by measuring the voltage output and knowing the gauge factor and other parameters.

An Arduino-based weighing scale can be made with a load cell, HX711 amplifier, and an LCD display.

Transforms a current signal into a proportional voltage signal, typically using an operational amplifier (op-amp).

A device that measures temperature by generating a voltage based on a temperature difference between two dissimilar conductors.

The phenomenon where a voltage is generated in a conductor when there is a temperature gradient across it.

A thermocouple measures temperature by generating a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between the hot junction and the cold junction.

The temperature at the cold junction is crucial for determining the absolute temperature at the hot junction.

The voltage difference is directly proportional to the temperature difference (ΔT) between the two junctions. The proportionality constant is called the Seebeck coefficient (S).

The Seebeck coefficient (S) represents the proportionality constant between the voltage generated by a thermocouple and the temperature difference across its junctions. It is unique to each thermocouple material pair.

The point where the thermocouple wires connect to the measurement circuitry, usually a terminal block on a PCB.

Thermocouples measure the temperature difference between the hot junction (where you're measuring) and the cold junction.

A technique to ensure accurate temperature readings by accounting for the temperature of the cold junction.

Cold junction temperature is often measured using a diode, thermistor, or RTD (resistance temperature detector).

Junctions B and C, where the cold junction is measured, must be at the same temperature for accurate readings.

A value that relates the voltage output of a thermocouple to the temperature difference, measured in μV/°C.

A low-noise amplifier boosts the small voltage signal from the thermocouple, improving measurement accuracy.

The voltage difference between the hot and cold junctions of a thermocouple, which is proportional to the temperature difference.

The voltage at the cold junction of a thermocouple, which is used as a reference point for temperature calculations.

Given the voltage difference (VD) between the hot and cold junctions and the reference junction voltage, calculate the temperature of the hot junction using a thermocouple look-up table or calibration formula.

A signal processing technique that smooths out fluctuations in a signal by averaging data points over a defined window.

The size of the window in a moving average filter affects the level of smoothing and responsiveness. A larger window yields more smoothing but slower response, while a smaller window provides quicker response but less smoothing.

A powerful technique used to estimate the true state of a system by combining noisy measurements with predictions from a mathematical model, resulting in a smooth and accurate signal estimation.

The Kalman filter's ability to handle noisy data makes it ideal for applications such as smoothing soil moisture readings or tracking the position of agricultural equipment.

The Kalman filter continuously updates an estimated state based on new data, incorporating the uncertainty of both measurements and model predictions.