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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?

  • Increased appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Elevated heart rate
  • Low energy (correct)

Which medication is used to manage hypothyroidism?

  • Pasireotide
  • Levothyroxine (correct)
  • Octreotide
  • Bromocriptine

What complication can arise from untreated hypothyroidism?

  • Myxedema coma (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Thyroid storm
  • Exophthalmos

What is a nursing action for a patient who has undergone hypophysectomy?

<p>Monitor vision changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to increased levels of T3 and T4?

<p>Too much TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for hyperthyroidism?

<p>Women aged 20-40 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cue for hyperthyroidism?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is critical post-thyroidectomy?

<p>Assess every 1-2 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important cue of hypothyroidism?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypopituitarism?

<p>Benign Tumor-Pituitary adenoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of decreased ACTH levels in the body?

<p>Decreased glucocorticoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with excessive growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Acromegaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of decreased GH levels?

<p>Increased risk of fractures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily affected by TSH levels?

<p>Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of hyperthyroidism?

<p>Thyroid storm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory value is typically increased in hyperthyroidism?

<p>T3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is essential for managing a patient with hypoparathyroidism?

<p>Monitor ionized calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical cue for a patient experiencing hypoparathyroidism?

<p>Severe muscle cramps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom of diabetes type 2?

<p>Polyuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is often prescribed for managing hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Phosphate supplementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of medication is commonly used to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

<p>Beta blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary adjustment should be made for a patient with hypoparathyroidism?

<p>High calcium diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for diabetes type 2?

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing intervention is critical for monitoring a patient with diabetes-related conditions?

<p>Regular glucose monitoring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypopituitarism

A condition where the anterior pituitary gland doesn't produce enough hormones. This can lead to various deficiencies.

ACTH Deficiency

A lack of ACTH hormone leads to decreased cortisol and aldosterone production, resulting in low blood sugar, low blood pressure, and increased potassium.

TSH Deficiency

Low TSH results in decreased thyroid hormone production, causing a slowed metabolism, weight gain, hair loss, and decreased energy.

GH deficiency

Lack of GH hormone leads to decreased bone density, muscle strength, and higher risk of fractures.

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Hyperpituitarism

An overproduction of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland. This can lead to various hormonal excesses.

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Hyperthyroidism

Condition with excessive thyroid hormone production, leading to increased metabolism, weight loss, and other symptoms like exophthalmos and thyroid storm.

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Hypothyroidism

Condition with insufficient thyroid hormone production, leading to slowed metabolism, fatigue, weight gain, and other symptoms like sensitivity to cold.

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Myxedema

Severe form of hypothyroidism, characterized by decreased heart function, constipation, and potential for coma.

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Myxedema Coma

Life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism, with severe symptoms like low body temperature, low blood sugar, and potential for respiratory failure.

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Levothyroxine (Synthroid T4)

Synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. It's crucial to start with a low dose and gradually increase until the correct dosage is achieved.

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Graves' Disease

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to excessive hormone production.

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Thyroid Bruit

A swooshing sound heard with a stethoscope over the thyroid gland, indicating increased blood flow due to hyperthyroid activity.

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Exophthalmos

Protruding eyeballs, a characteristic symptom of hyperthyroidism, due to fluid accumulation behind the eyes.

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Propylthiouracil (PTU)

A medication used to treat hyperthyroidism by blocking the production of thyroid hormones.

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Methimazole (Tapazole)

Another medication used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the thyroid's ability to produce hormones.

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Thyroid Storm

A life-threatening condition where hyperthyroidism is severe and causes a rapid increase in body temperature, heart rate, and metabolism, causing a variety of symptoms.

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Thyroid Storm Cues

Symptoms including rapid heartbeat, high fever, confusion, agitation, abdominal pain, tremors, bulging eyes, weight loss, diarrhea, and low blood sugar.

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Thyroid Storm Priorities

The most important things to focus on are ensuring a clear airway and adequate fluid volume.

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Hypoparathyroidism

A condition caused by a lack of parathyroid hormone, leading to low calcium levels in the blood.

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Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms

Symptoms include tingling around the mouth, hands, and feet, severe muscle cramps, muscle spasms, and tetany, which is a severe form of muscle spasms.

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Hyperparathyroidism

A condition caused by excessive parathyroid hormone, leading to high calcium levels in the blood.

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Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms

Symptoms include prolonged PR interval on ECG, GI issues like anorexia, constipation, and abdominal pain, lethargy, confusion, psychosis, muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain, fractures, and kidney stones.

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Diabetes Type 1

A chronic condition where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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Diabetes Type 2

A chronic condition where the body doesn't use insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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Hypoglycemia

A condition where blood sugar levels are too low, typically below 70 mg/dL.

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Study Notes

Negative Feedback Concept-Inhibit and Release

  • Pituitary disorders are categorized by underproduction (hypopituitarism) or overproduction (hyperpituitarism) of hormones released by the pituitary gland.
  • Hypopituitarism occurs when the anterior pituitary gland underproduces hormones. Factors include benign tumors (adenomas), strokes, postpartum hemorrhages, head trauma, and more.
  • Hyperpituitarism, involves the anterior pituitary gland producing excess hormones. Hypersecreting tumors, genetic associations, and more are causes.
  • Hormones like ACTH, GH, and TSH have specific functions and target organs. Their absence or excess will result in specific conditions. For example, decreased ACTH leads to decreased glucocorticoids, impacting glucose levels and stress response.

Pituitary Disorders - Treatments

  • Hydrocortisone or prednisone are used to treat insufficient glucocorticoids.
  • Synthroid is used for treatment of decreased T3 and T4 and related issues.
  • Somatropin (Genotropin) and adequate calcium and vitamin D intake treat issues related to insufficient growth hormone.

Thyroid Disorders

  • Hypothyroidism (Myxedema/Myxedema coma) - Conditions like Hashimoto's autoimmune disease, post-hyperthyroidism surgery, or iodine deficiency can cause it.
  • Myxedema is characterized by slower metabolism, weight gain, increased sleep, intolerance to cold, and more.
  • Myxedema coma is a serious complication of severe hypothyroidism.
  • Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) - Often the result of Graves' disease (autoimmune).

Thyroid Treatments/Management

  • Levothyroxine (Synthroid), used in low doses and gradually increased to treat hypothyroidism.
  • Medications such as PTU or Methimazole are used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism

Hypophysectomy (Pituitary Surgery)

  • Nursing actions focus on monitoring vital signs, fluid balance, and potentially for CSF leaks. Management includes frequent assessments, medication monitoring, and education regarding potential complications like increased ICP, meningitis, and diabetes insipidus.

Hyperparathyroidism/Hypoparathyroidism

  • Hyperparathyroidism - often related to tumors, with symptoms like elevated calcium levels impacting numerous systems.
  • Hypoparathyroidism - typically from surgery and has opposite effects; low calcium levels and resultant symptoms.

Diabetes Type 1/2

  • Type 1 and 2 diabetes have distinct risk factors, and management.
  • Type 1 - often autoimmune, and requiring insulin treatment. Key risk factors are familial and environmental influences (viral infections).
  • Type 2 - frequently linked to lifestyle factors, such as obesity and sedentary behaviors. Genetic tendencies also play a role.

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