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Questions and Answers
Which type of joint is characterized by bones connected by hyaline cartilage?
What type of joint movement is allowed by hinge joints?
Which joint allows for rotational movement around a central axis?
Which of the following is an example of a condyloid joint?
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Which type of synovial joint is the most mobile?
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Flexion is defined as the action of:
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What type of joint movement is characteristic of saddle joints?
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The intercarpal joints in the wrist are an example of which type of joint?
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Which structure of the ulna projects anteriorly?
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What is the primary function of the carpal bones?
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How are the metacarpal bones numbered?
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Which bone articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?
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Where is the radial tuberosity located?
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Which of the following bones forms the lateral side of the proximal row of carpal bones?
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What feature is used to identify the distal end of the ulna?
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Which carpal bone is often referred to as the 'little pea'?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers?
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Which of the following muscles adducts the wrist?
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What is the function of the Pronator Quadratus muscle?
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Which muscle extends the little finger?
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What is the primary role of sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which plexus innervates the muscles of the neck and diaphragm?
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What would be the outcome of damage to the Brachial Plexus?
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What characterizes mixed nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the role of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?
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Which class of lever maximizes force but reduces speed?
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Which nerve is part of the brachial plexus that innervates the anterior compartment of the arm?
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What type of movement does the coracobrachialis perform?
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Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the upper arm?
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Which muscle is NOT associated with shoulder flexion?
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Which of the following structures is found at the acromioclavicular joint?
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Which of the following actions is primarily associated with the palmaris longus muscle?
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What is the primary function of the cephalic vein in the upper extremity?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of epithelial tissue?
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Which of the following is a key role of epithelial tissues?
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What is the role of the median cubital vein in clinical procedures?
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How does the blood drain from the fingers?
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What characteristic of epithelial tissue allows it to perform its protective function effectively?
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What is the function of the deep veins of the upper extremity?
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Which is a function of the epithelial tissue related to secretion?
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Study Notes
Types of Joints
- Synchondrosis: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage, found in epiphyseal plates of growing bones.
- Symphysis: Bones connected by fibrocartilage, examples include the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.
- Synovial Joints: Most mobile type, characterized by a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint. Examples include the shoulder, knee, hip, and elbow joints.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane (Gliding) Joints: Allow sliding or gliding movements between flat or slightly curved surfaces. Movement is nonaxial or multiaxial, allowing movement in multiple directions. Example: Intercarpal joints in the wrist.
- Hinge Joints: Movement occurs in one plane, similar to a door hinge. Movement is uniaxial (flexion and extension only). Example: Elbow joint, knee joint.
- Pivot Joints: A rounded or pointed structure of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and ligament, allowing rotational movement around a central axis. Movement is uniaxial (rotation). Example: The atlantoaxial joint (between the first and second cervical vertebrae), radioulnar joint.
- Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints: An oval-shaped articular surface fits into a concave depression in another bone. Movement is biaxial (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). Example: Wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles).
- Saddle Joints: Both articulating surfaces have concave and convex regions, shaped like a saddle, allowing for a wider range of motion. Movement is biaxial (allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction). Example: The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (first metacarpal and trapezium).
- Ball-and-Socket Joints: The most flexible type, where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone. Movement is multiaxial (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation). Example: Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint), hip joint.
Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints
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Angular Movements:
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones (e.g., bending the elbow).
- Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones (e.g., straightening the elbow).
The Upper Limb - Ulna
- Olecranon process: Tricep brachii insertion.
- Coronoid process: Projects anteriorly.
- Radial Notch: Articulates with head of the radius, oriented laterally.
- Trochlear/semilunar notch: Articulates with trochlea of humerus.
- Ulnar tuberosity: Roughened area under the radial notch.
- Body (Shaft)
- Head of the Ulna (distal/bottom): The rounded area.
- Styloid process: Surface landmark.
The Upper Limb - Radius
- Head: Articulates with capitulum of humerus.
- Neck: Connected to ulna via annular ligament.
- Radial tuberosity: Biceps brachii insertion, medially and anteriorly oriented.
- Body:
- Ulnar notch (Distal end): Articulates with head of ulna, medially oriented.
- Styloid process: Surface landmark, posterior and lateral.
- Carpal articular surface: Between ulnar notch and styloid process.
Annular Ligament
- Attaches radius to ulna.
Carpal Bones
- Scaphoid/Navicular: Articulates with radius (carpal articular surface).
- Lunate: Articulates with radius (carpal articular surface).
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform: Small, pea-shaped bone.
- Trapezium: Under the thumb.
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate "Hook of Hamate":
Hand Anatomy
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8 Carpal Bones (Wrist): Small, cube-shaped bones arranged in two rows of four.
- Proximal row (lateral to medial): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform.
- Distal row (lateral to medial): Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
- Function of Carpal Bones: Articulate with the radius and ulna to form the wrist joint and allow a wide range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
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5 Metacarpal Bones: Long bones make up the palm of the hand.
- Numbered 1-5 starting from the thumb (1) to the little finger (5).
- Proximal end articulates with carpal bones; distal end articulates with proximal phalanges.
- Function of Metacarpal Bones: Serve as structural support and allow flexion, extension, and opposition of the thumb.
Muscles of the Forearm - Flexors
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First Layer:
- Palmaris Longus: Flexes the wrist and tenses the palmar fascia.
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the wrist.
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Second Layer:
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Flexes the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
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Third Layer:
- Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
- Flexor Pollicis Longus: Flexes the thumb.
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Fourth Layer:
- Pronator Quadratus: Pronates the forearm, stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint.
Muscles of the Forearm - Extensors
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First Layer:
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: Extends and abducts the wrist.
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis: Extends and abducts the wrist.
- Extensor Digitorum: Extends the fingers.
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Extends and adducts the wrist.
- Extensor Digiti Minimi: Extends the little finger.
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Second Layer:
- Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL): Extends the thumb.
- Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB): Extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint.
- Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL): Abducts the thumb and wrist.
- Extensor Indicis: Extends the index finger.
- Supinator: Supinates the forearm.
The Anatomical Snuff Box
- Triangular depression on the lateral side of the wrist.
- Boundaries: Tendons of Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL) and Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB), and Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL).
- Function: Visible when the thumb is extended, commonly used for palpating the scaphoid bone.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Sensory Nerves (Afferent): Carry sensory information (like pain, temperature, and touch) from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Motor Nerves (Efferent): Transmit motor signals from the CNS to muscles, causing them to contract and produce movement.
- Mixed Nerves: Composed of both sensory and motor neurons. Allow for both sensory and motor control in specific regions of the body.
Four Plexuses
- Cervical Plexus: Innervates muscles of the neck, shoulders, and diaphragm.
- Brachial Plexus: Supplies the shoulders, arms, and hands.
- Lumbar Plexus: Innervates lower abdominal muscles, thighs, and groin.
- Sacral Plexus: Supplies the buttocks, legs, and feet.
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each originating from the spinal cord.
Arteries of the Upper Extremity
- Subclavian Artery: Major blood vessel supplying the upper limb.
- Axillary Artery: Continuation of the subclavian artery after it passes under the clavicle.
- Brachial Artery: Major artery in the arm, supplying the muscles and tissues of the upper arm.
- Radial Artery: Runs down the lateral side of the forearm and supplies the thumb and lateral fingers.
- Ulnar Artery: Runs down the medial side of the forearm, supplies the pinky and medial fingers.
- Palmar Arches: Both form arches in the hand (superficial and deep palmar arches) and supply blood to the fingers through digital arteries.
Veins of the Upper Extremity
- Deep Veins: Accompany arteries and have similar names, such as the brachial, radial, and ulnar veins. Critical for draining blood from the upper extremities.
-
Superficial Veins: Highly variable in structure and found just below the skin. Form an extensive network, important for drawing blood and giving injections.
- Cephalic Vein: Drains into the axillary vein.
- Basilic Vein: Merges with deep veins to form the axillary vein.
- Median Cubital Vein: Frequently used for venipuncture, located in the cubital fossa (elbow pit).
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Pathway of Veins:
- Blood from digital veins (in fingers) drains into the palmar venous arches.
- These veins empty into the radial and ulnar veins, which continue to form the brachial vein.
- The brachial vein becomes the axillary vein, which eventually becomes the subclavian vein.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
-
Functions:
- Provides physical protection from mechanical and chemical damage.
- Controls permeability, regulating the passage of materials into and out of tissues.
- Provides sensation through sensory nerve endings..
- Secretes mucus, sweat, and hormones.
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Characteristics:
- Cellularity: Tightly packed cells with little extracellular material.
- Polarity: Distinct apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces.
- Attachment: Basal surface attached to a basement membrane, anchoring to underlying tissues.
- Avascularity: Lack blood vessels, obtaining nutrients through diffusion.
- Regeneration: Rapidly regenerate.
Neural Control of Muscle Contraction
- Neuromuscular junction: Site where a motor neuron stimulates muscle fiber.
- Release of acetylcholine at this junction triggers contraction.
Levers in the Body
- First-class levers: Fulcrum is between the effort and the resistance (e.g., nodding the head).
- Second-class levers: Resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort, maximizing force but reducing speed (e.g., standing on tiptoes).
- Third-class levers: Effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance, favoring speed and range of motion over force (e.g., bicep curl).
Coracobrachialis Muscle
- Performs flexion, extension, and abduction movements.
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