Python Programming Chapter 4 & 5
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following mathematical functions is NOT provided by Python in the math module?

  • sqrt
  • abs (correct)
  • ceil
  • min

A single-character string in Python is treated as a different data type than a string.

False (B)

What is the purpose of an escape sequence in a string?

To represent special characters within a string.

A __________ loop executes as long as the specified condition remains true.

<p>while</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Iteration = A one-time execution of a loop body Loop body = The part of the loop that contains the statements to be repeated Sentinel value = A special value that signifies the end of input Break = Keyword to immediately end the innermost loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functionality does the continue keyword offer within a loop?

<p>Ends only the current iteration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The for loop is a type of control loop that executes a body a predictable number of times.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the function header in Python begin with?

<p>The def keyword</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a set and a list?

<p>Sets do not have a specific order. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dictionary can contain keys that are mutable data types.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method would you use to delete a key from a dictionary?

<p>del dictionaryName[key]</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method used to test if one set is a superset of another is called ______.

<p>issuperset</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following data structures with their characteristics:

<p>Tuple = Immutable structure Set = Nonduplicate and unordered collection Dictionary = Stores key/value pairs List = Ordered collection of items</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a void function?

<p>It does not return a value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A function's arguments can only be passed as positional arguments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of error occurs when a programmer mistakenly references the first element of a list using index 1?

<p>index off-by-one error</p> Signup and view all the answers

A variable created inside a function is called a __________.

<p>local variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following operations with their descriptions:

<p>len = Returns the number of elements in a list max = Returns the maximum value in a list min = Returns the minimum value in a list sum = Returns the sum of all elements in a list</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to find the index of an element in a list?

<p>index (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the shuffle function work in Python?

<p>It randomly rearranges the elements in a list. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The count method in a list returns the sum of the elements in the list.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the initializer method in a Python class?

<p><strong>init</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

Control is returned to the caller after executing a return statement in a called function.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operator is used to concatenate two lists in Python?

<ul> <li></li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

A class is a blueprint for creating _____ which represent real-world entities.

<p>objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to classes with their definitions:

<p>Initializer = Method for initializing attributes of an object Subclass = A class derived from another class Getter = Method to access private data Destructor = Method for cleaning up before an object is deleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Python, you can check whether an element is in a list using the __________ operator.

<p>in</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if you try to access the third element of a list using index 2?

<p>You will get the third element. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about binary search is true?

<p>Binary search requires the list to be sorted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first parameter of a method in a class refers to the class itself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a setter method in a class?

<p>To modify private data attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Python, an object is an instance of a _____ created using a class.

<p>class</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of selection sort?

<p>It finds the smallest element and places it at the beginning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used in Python to determine if an object is an instance of a class?

<p>isinstance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polymorphism allows a method to work with different objects as long as the method can be invoked from the object.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the read() method in file handling?

<p>To read data from a file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Python, the class that all exceptions inherit from is called __________.

<p>BaseException</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following file modes with their correct descriptions:

<p>r = Reading mode w = Writing mode a = Appending mode rb = Reading in binary mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a built-in exception class in Python?

<p>CustomError (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tuple allows adding or deleting of elements after its creation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of closing a file after it is processed?

<p>To ensure that the data is saved properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ module in Python is used to serialize and deserialize objects to and from files.

<p>pickle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can be used to read data from a file?

<p>read() (A), readline() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Python math functions

Python provides built-in functions for mathematical operations like calculating absolute values, finding minimum/maximum, exponentiation, and more.

String in Python

A sequence of characters enclosed in single or double quotes.

Escape Sequences

Special characters in strings using backslashes () to represent specific symbols.

Whitespace Characters

Characters like spaces, tabs, new lines that do not represent visible text.

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Python Objects

All data in Python (numbers, strings, etc.) are treated as objects which have methods.

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While Loop

A repetition statement that executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.

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For Loop (Count-controlled)

A loop that repeats a specific number of times.

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Function in programming

A modular block of code that performs a specific task; reused.

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Void Function

A function that does not return a value.

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Return Statement (in Void Function)

Used to exit a function, even if it doesn't return a value.

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Function Arguments

Values passed to a function when it's called.

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Function Parameters

Variables that receive arguments in the function definition.

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Local Variable

A variable declared inside a function, only available within that function.

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Index Off-by-One Error

Mistake of starting a list index from 1 instead of 0.

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List Mutability

A list can be changed after creation by adding or removing elements.

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List Concatenation

Joining two lists together.

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List Indexing

Accessing specific elements within a list.

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Positional Arguments

Arguments passed in order to the function matching the parameter positions in the function definition.

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Immutable Tuple

A tuple is immutable if all its elements are immutable. This means that once created, the elements within the tuple cannot be changed.

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Sets in Python

Sets are collections of unique elements, unordered, and mutable. They are useful for checking membership and performing set operations.

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Adding and Removing Elements from a Set

Use the 'add' method to add new elements to a set, and the 'remove' method to delete elements.

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Dictionary in Python

Dictionaries store key-value pairs. Keys are used to access corresponding values, similar to how indexes work with lists.

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Accessing and Modifying Dictionary Values

Use dictionaryName[key] to retrieve or modify a value associated with a key. To add or modify an item, simply assign a new value to an existing key.

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Polymorphism

The ability of a method to work with different objects as long as the method can be invoked from the object. It allows for flexibility and efficiency by using one method for multiple types.

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Dynamic Binding

The process of deciding which method to call at runtime based on the object's type. This allows for code to adapt to different object types.

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isinstance Function

Checks if an object is an instance of a specific class.

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Association

A general relationship between two classes, suggesting that they might interact.

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Aggregation

A specific type of association where one class contains instances of another class, but does not own them.

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Composition

A strong form of association where one class owns and depends on instances of another class. If the owner class is deleted, the dependent class instances are also removed.

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Inheritance

A relationship where one class inherits properties and methods from another class, allowing for code reuse and specialization.

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File Object

A representation of a file in the program, allowing you to read and write data to/from the file.

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File Modes

Different modes for opening a file: 'r' for reading, 'w' for writing, 'a' for appending.

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Exception Handling

A technique for handling runtime errors by capturing the error, processing it, and continuing execution without crashing.

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List index method

Retrieves the position (index) of a specific element within a list. For example, list.index('element') returns the index of the first occurrence of 'element' in the list.

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List count method

Counts how many times a specific element appears in a list. For example, list.count('element') returns the number of times 'element' occurs in the list.

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List sort method

Arranges the elements of a list in ascending order. list.sort() modifies the original list in place.

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List reverse method

Reverses the order of elements in a list. list.reverse() modifies the original list in place.

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String split method

Breaks down a string into a list of substrings based on a delimiter. string.split('delimiter') splits the string wherever the delimiter is found.

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Function with list arguments

When calling a function with a list, only the reference to the list is passed. This means changes made to the list within the function affect the original list.

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Binary Search (Sorted List)

An efficient search algorithm for finding an element in a sorted list. It repeatedly divides the search interval in half until the element is found.

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Selection Sort

An algorithm that sorts a list by repeatedly finding the smallest element and swapping it with the element at the current position.

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Class: Blueprint for Objects

A template that defines the properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) of objects. It provides a structure for creating objects of the same type.

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Object: Instance of a Class

A specific realization of a class, containing its defined properties and methods. Objects are created using the class constructor.

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Study Notes

Chapter 4 Summary

  • Python provides mathematical functions like abs, max, min, pow, and round in the interpreter, and fabs, ceil, floor, exp, log, sqrt, sin, asin, cos, acos, tan, degrees, and radians in the math module.
  • A string is a sequence of characters, enclosed in single or double quotes. Python does not have a separate character data type.
  • Escape sequences use the backslash character (\) followed by a letter or digits to represent special characters like '\', \", \t, and \n (newline).
  • Whitespace characters include ',', \t, \f, \r, and \n.
  • All data types (numbers, strings) are objects in Python. Methods perform operations on these objects.
  • The format function allows formatting numbers and strings, returning the result as a string.

Chapter 5 Summary

  • Repetition statements include while loops and for loops.
  • The loop body contains the statements to be repeated.
  • An iteration is a single execution of the loop body.
  • An infinite loop executes continuously.
  • Loop design involves loop control structure and the loop body.
  • while loops check the continuation condition first.
  • A sentinel value signals the end of input.
  • for loops execute a predictable number of times.
  • break immediately ends the innermost loop.
  • continue ends only the current iteration.

Chapter 6 Summary

  • Making programs modular and reusable is a key goal in software engineering. Functions help achieve this.
  • Function headers start with def, followed by the function's name, parameters, and a colon.
  • Parameters are optional.
  • A function that doesn't return a value is called a void function.
  • return statements can end a function, returning to the caller; useful for non-default function flow.
  • Input arguments should align with function parameters in number, type, and order.
  • When a function is called, control transfers to the called function. Control returns to the caller when the function finishes executing (or a return statement is reached).
  • Functions can be called as statements, making their return value void.
  • Function arguments can be positional or keyword arguments.
  • Arguments passed to a function are passed as references.
  • Variables within a function are local; their scope starts at creation and ends with function return.
  • Global variables are declared outside functions.

Chapter 7 Summary

  • Python provides built-in functions len, max, min, and sum for lists.
  • shuffle (in the random module) randomly reorganizes list elements.
  • Use the index operator [] to access individual list elements (starting at index 0).
  • Avoid the "index off-by-one" error.
  • Use + (concatenation), * (repetition), [:] (slicing), in, and not in to manipulate and check lists.
  • Loops iterate through list elements.
  • Comparison operators can compare list elements.
  • List methods (append, extend, insert, pop, remove) modify lists.
  • index and count methods provide information about list contents.
  • sort and reverse methods change the order of list elements.
  • split method converts strings to lists.
  • Function arguments passed as list references.
  • Binary search is more efficient for sorted lists than linear search.
  • Selection sort repeatedly finds the smallest remaining element and swaps it with the first unsorted element.

Chapter 9 Summary

  • Classes are templates for objects.
  • Classes define properties and initializers.
  • The __init__ method is the initializer. The first parameter is self, which refers to the object itself.
  • Objects are instances of classes.
  • The dot operator (.) accesses object members.
  • Instance variables belong to specific objects.
  • Hiding data fields (e.g. by using private variables) can help prevent data tampering.
  • Getter and setter methods (also called accessor and mutator methods) provide controlled access to data members.

Chapter 12 Summary

  • Inheritance lets you create new classes from existing ones (subclass, child, or derived class from superclass, parent or base class).
  • Overriding a method involves defining it in the subclass with the same signature as in the superclass.
  • The object class serves as a base class for all other classes.
  • Polymorphism allows a method to work with objects of different types as long as the method is defined the same way (dynamic binding).
  • isinstance function checks if an object is an instance of a class.
  • Relationships between classes include association, aggregation, composition, and inheritance.

Chapter 13 Summary

  • File objects manage files for reading and writing data. Modes include 'r', 'w', and 'a' for reading, writing, and appending respectively.
  • Check for file existence with os.path.isfile. This check should be performed before opening a file for reading.
  • Python's file class provides methods for file operations (reading, writing, closing).
  • Methods to read file contents include read(), readline(), and readlines(). To write to a file, use the write() method.
  • Close the file when you are finished to ensure data is saved.
  • Exception handling (using try, except, else, and finally blocks) handles runtime errors.
  • Python has built-in exception classes like ZeroDivisionError, SyntaxError, RuntimeError.
  • The pickle module is used to store and retrieve Python objects to files. dump and load are commonly used methods for these operations.

Chapter 14 Summary

  • Tuples are fixed-size sequences that cannot be modified.
  • Tuples allow for sequential access with index-based access but contain immutable elements.
  • Sets are collections of unique elements, maintained in an unordered manner.
  • Add and remove elements using add() and remove(). Checking for elements, and operations like size detection, are supported.
  • Dictionaries store key-value pairs where keys must be immutable (e.g. strings, numbers).
  • Retrieval of data is done using keys.
  • You can add, delete, read, and modify dictionary values using methods.
  • Looping through dictionaries is possible, accessing keys, values, and items as needed.

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Explore the key concepts from Chapters 4 and 5 of Python programming. This quiz covers mathematical functions, string handling, escape sequences, and repetition statements such as loops. Test your understanding of these foundational Python topics!

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