Python Programming Basics

Syntax

• Indentation: Python uses indentation (spaces or tabs) to define block-level structure.
• Comments: Comments start with # and extend to the end of the line.
• Print function: print() is a function in Python, unlike in Python 2 where it was a statement.

Objects

• Everything is an object: In Python, every value is an object, including numbers, strings, and functions.
• Attributes and Methods: Objects have attributes (data) and methods (functions).
• Dynamic typing: Python is dynamically typed, which means the data type of a variable is determined at runtime.

Inheritance

• Single Inheritance: A child class inherits from a single parent class.
• Multiple Inheritance: A child class can inherit from multiple parent classes.
• Method overriding: A child class can override methods from its parent class.

Decorators

• Function wrappers: Decorators are special types of functions that wrap around other functions.
• Syntax: @decorator_name is used to apply a decorator to a function.
• Use cases: Decorators are used for logging, authentication, and caching, among other things.

Data Structures

• Lists: Ordered collections of items, denoted by [].
• Tuples: Ordered, immutable collections of items, denoted by ().
• Dictionaries: Unordered collections of key-value pairs, denoted by {}.
• Sets: Unordered collections of unique items, denoted by set() or {}.

Sintaksis

• Indentatsiya: Python bukilishi (bo'shliqlar yoki belgilar) blok-darajali tuzilmani aniqlash uchun ishlatadi.
• Izohlar: Izohlar # belgisidan boshlanadi va qatorning oxirigacha davom etadi.
• Print funktsiyasi: Python 2 dagi bayonotdan farqli o'laroq, print() Python da funktsiyadir.

Ob'ekt

• Hamma narsa ob'ekt: Python da har qanday qiymat ob'ekt hisoblanadi, jumladan sonlar, satrlar va funktsiyalar.
• Atributlar va metamlar: Ob'ektlarda atributlar (ma'lumotlar) va metamlar (funktsiyalar) mavjud.
• Dinamik turlanish: Python dinamik turlanishga ega, bu esa o'zgaruvchi turi.runtime da aniqlanishini anglatadi.

Merosxo'rlik

• Yagona merosxo'rlik: Bolalar klassi yagona ota-ona klassidan merosxo'rlik qiladi.
• Ko'p merosxo'rlik: Bolalar klassi ko'p ota-ona klassidan merosxo'rlik qilishi mumkin.
• Metod uzatish: Bolalar klassi ota-ona klassidan metodlarni uzatishi mumkin.

Dekoratorlar

• Funktsiya qoplari: Dekoratorlar boshqa funktsiyalarni o'rab oluvchi maxsus funktsiyalardir.
• Sintaksis: @dekorator_nomi funktsiyaga dekorator uyg'otish uchun ishlatiladi.
• Foydalanish sohalari: Dekoratorlar loglash, autentifikatsiya va keshlash kabi vazifalarda qo'llaniladi.

Ma'lumot tuzilmalari

• Ro'yxatlar: Tartiblangan buyumlar to'plami, [] bilan ifodalanadi.
• Tupasa: Tartiblangan, o'zgarmas buyumlar to'plami, () bilan ifodalanadi.
• Lug'atlar: Tartibsiz kalit-qiymat juftliklar to'plami, {} bilan ifodalanadi.
• To'plamlar: Tartibsiz yagona buyumlar to'plami, set() yoki {} bilan ifodalanadi.

O'zbekcha: Python dasturlash asoslari, sintaksis, obyektlar va metodlari haqida savollar.