Python Data Structures and File Handling

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Questions and Answers

What happens to data stored in lists, tuples, and dictionaries when a program terminates?

  • The data is lost because these structures are kept in volatile memory. (correct)
  • The data is transferred to a cloud storage service.
  • The data is automatically saved to a default file.
  • The data persists in non-volatile memory.

Which of the following is the primary purpose of using files in programming?

  • To speed up program execution by storing data in RAM.
  • To encrypt data for secure transmission over networks.
  • To save data for future access, using non-volatile memory. (correct)
  • To temporarily store data during program execution.

What is the default file handling mode when opening a file in Python using the open() function?

  • Read mode ('r')
  • Binary mode ('b')
  • Write mode ('w')
  • Text mode ('t') (correct)

What happens if you try to open a non-existent file for reading in Python?

<p>The program raises an error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data type is returned when reading the content of a text file using the read() method in Python?

<p>str (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to create an empty tuple in Python?

<p>tuple = () (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about tuples is most accurate?

<p>Tuples can contain mixed data types, including nested tuples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process 3, 2.6, "color" called when creating a tuple?

<p>Tuple packing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes Python lists?

<p>Lists are versatile data types that can store a sequence of arbitrary objects, and the items in the list do not need to be of the same type. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are elements typically added to a Python list?

<p>Using the <code>append()</code> method or <code>insert()</code> method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the tuple my_tuple = (10, 20, 30), which of the following is the correct way to assign these values to variables x, y, and z respectively?

<p><code>x, y, z = my_tuple</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the expression ('a', 'b', 'c')[::-1]?

<p><code>('c', 'b', 'a')</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Python lists from strings, as data structures?

<p>Lists can store arbitrary objects, accommodating mixed data types, while strings are sequences of characters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If tuple1 = (1, 2, 3) and tuple2 = (4, 5, 6), what is the result of tuple1 + tuple2?

<p><code>(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct syntax to create an empty list in Python?

<p>list = [] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given my_tuple = ('x', 'y'), what is the effect of the operation my_tuple * 3?

<p>It returns a new tuple <code>('x', 'y', 'x', 'y', 'x', 'y')</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40], how can you change the second element (20) to 25?

<p>my_list[1] = 25 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations is NOT directly supported for lists using built-in operators?

<p>Element-wise addition of two lists using the <code>+</code> operator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If t = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'), what does the following loop print? for i in t: print(i)

<p>Prints each element on a new line: <code>a\nb\nc\nd</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the output of the following Python code snippet?

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list1 * 2
print(list2)

<p>[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'], which expression correctly checks if 'banana' is present in the list?

<p>'banana' in my_list (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the following Python code?

data = (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b') print(data * 3)

<p><code> (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b')</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the in operator do in Python when used with tuples?

<p>It checks if an element exists within the tuple. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be printed by the following code?

T = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) for var in T: print(T.index(var))

<p><code>0 0 0 0 0</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about tuple comparison in Python?

<p>If either element is not a number, an error is returned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the tuple my_tuple = ('apple', 1, 'banana', 2), what will print('1' in my_tuple) output?

<p><code>False</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the for var in tuple: loop structure in Python?

<p>To iterate through each element of the tuple. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Python handle comparison between a string and an integer within a tuple?

<p>It checks if both elements are numbers; if not, it sorts the types alphabetically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations will create a new tuple?

<p><code>new_tuple = my_tuple * 2</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequences may arise if a file is not closed after use?

<p>The program may crash or the file could be corrupted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file object attribute indicates whether a file has been closed?

<p>file.closed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to explicitly close a file object in Python?

<p>f.close() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using the with statement when working with files?

<p>It automatically closes the file, even if exceptions occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attribute of a file object reveals the mode in which the file was opened?

<p>file.mode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method reads the entire content of a file into a single string?

<p>read() (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is used to determine the current working directory as a string?

<p>os.getcwd() (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data structure does the readlines() method return when reading a text file?

<p>A list of strings, where each string is a line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function returns the current working directory as a bytes object?

<p>os.getcwdb() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a file is opened without explicitly specifying the mode (e.g., read, write), what is assumed by default?

<p>Read mode ('r') (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to create a new directory?

<p>os.mkdir() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you iterate through each line of a text file using the with statement and print its contents?

<p><code>with open('file.txt') as f: for line in f.readlines(): print(line)</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To rename a directory, which method should be used?

<p>os.rename() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After opening a file in write-binary mode (wb), what would fo.softspace likely return immediately after opening? (Assuming fo = open("foo.txt", "wb"))

<p>0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assume a file 'data.txt' contains the following lines: Line 1: apple Line 2: banana What will be the output of the below code? with open('data.txt') as f: contents = f.read() print(len(contents))

<p>17 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the os.listdir() method in Python?

<p>To list all files and directories in a specified directory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Creating Lists

Lists in Python are created using comma-separated values within square brackets.

Mutable Lists

Lists in Python are mutable, meaning they can be changed after creation.

List Index

Indexes in lists allow access and manipulation of elements in the list.

Traversing a List

Walking through each element in a list one by one is called traversing.

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Deleting Elements

Elements in a list can be removed using specific methods or functions.

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Concatenation

Concatenation combines two or more lists into one larger list.

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Repetition

Repetition allows elements of a list to be repeated multiple times using the '*' operator.

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In Operator

The 'in' operator checks if a specific element exists within a list.

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Empty Tuple

A tuple with no elements, represented as ().

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Tuple with Integers

A tuple that contains only integer values, e.g., (1, 2, 3).

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Mixed Datatype Tuple

A tuple that can contain different types of values, e.g., (1, 'code', 3.4).

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Nested Tuple

A tuple that contains other tuples or lists, e.g., ('color', [6, 4, 2], (1, 2, 3)).

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Tuple Packing

Creating a tuple without parentheses by separating values with commas, e.g., 3, 2.6, 'color'.

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Tuple Unpacking

Assigning the elements of a tuple into separate variables, e.g., a, b, c = tuple.

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Reversing a Tuple

Creating a new tuple with the elements in reverse order using slicing, e.g., t1[::-1].

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Tuple Concatenation

Combining two tuples together to create a new one, e.g., t3 = t1 + t2.

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Volatile Memory

Memory that loses stored data when power is off, like RAM.

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Non-volatile Memory

Memory that retains data even when not powered, such as disk drives.

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Text File

A file that contains readable characters stored on disk, like a long string.

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Binary File

A file that stores data in binary format, like images or executables.

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open() Function

A function in Python used to open files and return a file object.

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Tuple Repetition

Repetition allows a tuple to be duplicated using the '*' operator.

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Tuple Output Example

Output shows a tuple repeated twice, merging the elements.

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Membership Example

Examples of using 'in' to find items in a tuple.

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Tuple Iteration

Iterating through a tuple allows access to each element.

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For Loop Syntax

Syntax to traverse all elements of a tuple using a for loop.

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Tuple Indexing

Indexing helps locate the position of each element while iterating.

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Built-in Tuple Functions

Tuples have built-in functions for comparison and membership.

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close() method

The method used to close an open file in Python.

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with statement

A context manager that automatically closes files after use.

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read() method

Reads all contents of a file into a single string.

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readlines() method

Reads a file line by line into a list of strings.

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File object attributes

Properties that provide information about an opened file object.

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File corruption risk

Potential loss or damage to a file if not properly closed.

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File opening

The process of accessing a file for reading or writing.

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File reading example

Demonstration of how to read file contents in Python.

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file.closed

Indicates if a file is closed (True) or open (False).

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file.mode

Returns the access mode (e.g., read, write) of a file.

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file.name

Gives the name of the file as a string.

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file.softspace

Indicates if space is required with print (True/False).

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os.getcwd()

Returns the current working directory as a string.

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os.mkdir()

Creates a new directory at the specified path.

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os.rename()

Renames a directory, requires old and new names.

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os.listdir()

Lists all files and directories in the specified path.

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Study Notes

Python Programming: Overview

  • Python is a versatile, high-level programming language known for its readability and ease of use.
  • It's widely used for various tasks, including data analysis, web development, and machine learning.
  • Python's extensive libraries, like NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, and Seaborn, support various data analysis tasks, making it a popular choice for data professionals.

Python Programming: Lists

  • Lists are ordered collections of items.
  • Items in a list can be of different data types (e.g., integers, strings, floats, and other lists).
  • Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed after creation.
  • Lists are indexed starting from 0.

Python Programming: Tuples

  • Tuples are ordered collections of items, similar to lists.
  • Items in a tuple can be of different data types.
  • Tuples are immutable, meaning their elements cannot be changed after creation.

Python Programming: Dictionaries

  • Dictionaries store data in key-value pairs.
  • Keys are unique and used to access corresponding values.
  • Values can be of any data type.
  • Dictionaries are mutable; you can add, update, or delete key-value pairs.

Python Programming: Files

  • Files are used to store data persistently, unlike data structures held in volatile memory (like RAM).
  • Text files store data as characters, numbers, or strings.
  • Binary files store data in raw bytes and may not be easily readable as human-readable formats.

Python Programming: Exceptions

  • Exceptions are errors that occur during program execution.
  • Python's try...except block allows catching exceptions to prevent program crashes.
  • You can define user-defined exceptions to handle custom errors.

Python Programming: Data Analysis Libraries in Python

  • NumPy: Used for numerical computation with efficient multidimensional arrays.
  • Pandas: Provides DataFrames for structured data manipulation and analysis.
  • SciPy: Implements algorithms for more advanced scientific computing.
  • Matplotlib and Seaborn: Enables data visualization through various plotting types.
  • Scikit-learn: Supports machine learning algorithms.
  • TensorFlow and PyTorch: Powerful deep learning libraries used for building and training neural networks.

Python Programming: Data Analysis in Jupyter notebooks

  • Jupyter notebooks use cells for executing code, displaying outputs, and adding explanatory text.
  • They offer an interactive environment often used for data analysis.

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