Python Chapter 8: More About Strings

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Questions and Answers

What does the isupper() method return if the string contains at least one alphabetic letter and all letters are uppercase?

  • Undefined
  • None
  • False
  • True (correct)

Which method would you use to convert all alphabetic letters in a string to lowercase?

  • lower() (correct)
  • strip()
  • upper()
  • lstrip()

What will the lstrip() method do to a string?

  • Remove all trailing whitespace
  • Remove all alphabets
  • Convert all characters to uppercase
  • Remove all leading whitespace (correct)

If a string is modified using the upper() method, which characters remain unchanged?

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to remove both leading and trailing whitespace characters?

<p>strip() (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the rstrip() method, what happens when no argument is provided?

<p>All trailing whitespace characters are removed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the lower() and upper() string methods?

<p>To convert characters to appropriate case for comparison (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would you use to remove a specific character from the beginning of a string?

<p>lstrip(char) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the slicing operation string[3:8]?

<p>Characters from index 3 to 8, excluding 8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the default start index in a string slicing operation if it is not specified?

<p>0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would you use to check if a string contains only numeric digits?

<p>isdigit() (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the isalnum() method check for in a string?

<p>A mix of alphabetic letters and digits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the expression string1 not in string2 evaluate to if string1 is found within string2?

<p>False (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the method endswith(substring) return?

<p>True if the string ends with the specified substring, otherwise False (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the slicing syntax handle negative indexes?

<p>They count from the end of the string (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of find(substring) if the substring is not found in the string?

<p>Returns -1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a string contains only whitespace characters, which method would return True?

<p>isspace() (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the replace(old, new) method do?

<p>Replaces all occurrences of old with new and returns a new copy of the string (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected output of the slicing operation string[2:]?

<p>Substring from index 2 to the end (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does startswith(substring) function?

<p>It checks if the string starts with the specified substring and returns True or False (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the find() method?

<p>To find the first index of the substring in a string (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct format to access an individual character in a string using indexing?

<p>character = my_string[i] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if you attempt to access a character using an index that is out of range for the string?

<p>It will raise an IndexError exception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operator is used for string concatenation in Python?

<ul> <li>(B)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What will the len(string) function return?

<p>The total number of characters in the string. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean that strings are immutable in Python?

<p>Strings cannot be modified once created. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will occur if you try to assign a new character to a specific index of a string?

<p>It will raise an exception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you want to iterate over each character in the string 'Hello', what loop format should you use?

<p>for char in string: (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if you use the augmented assignment operator += on a variable that hasn’t been initialized?

<p>It will raise a NameError. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What character is used as the delimiter in the string '17;92;81;12;46;5'?

<p>; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the split method return when applied to a string with no arguments?

<p>A list of words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly uses the repetition operator to repeat the string 'hello' three times?

<p>'hello' * 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the substrings obtained from the string 'peach raspberry strawberry vanilla' called?

<p>Tokens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When tokenizing a string, what is the primary purpose of the split method in Python?

<p>To break the string into individual items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the output of the expression 'hello' * 4?

<p>'hellohellohellohello' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about strings is true?

<p>Strings are immutable objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of strings, what does the term 'delimiter' refer to?

<p>A character that separates tokens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the replace(old, new) method do to a string?

<p>Creates a copy of the string with all instances of old replaced by new. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be expected from the find(substring) method if the substring is not present in the string?

<p>Returns -1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about startswith(substring) is accurate?

<p>Returns true if the string starts with the specified substring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using endswith(substring), what is returned?

<p>Returns True if the string ends with the substring, otherwise False. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods would you use to determine the lowest index of a substring within a string?

<p>find(substring) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the end index is not specified in a slice operation?

<p>It defaults to the length of the string. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would return true for a string that consists of spaces and tabs only?

<p>isspace() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the expression 'A' in 'Apple' evaluate to?

<p>True (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a step value utilized in string slicing?

<p>It allows skipping characters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods would return false if the string is empty?

<p>isspace() (A), isalnum() (B), isdigit() (C), isalpha() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a string is defined as '123abc', which method will return true?

<p>isalnum() (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'not in' operator return if used on two strings where the first string is absent from the second?

<p>True (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the expression string[:-1] achieve?

<p>Returns the string without the last character. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using the strip() method on a string?

<p>It removes leading and trailing whitespace characters from the string. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the isupper() method return if the string has mixed case letters and contains no uppercase letters?

<p>False (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would you use to remove all trailing whitespace characters from a string?

<p>rstrip() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lower() method modify a string?

<p>Transforms all uppercase letters to corresponding lowercase letters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods would return a copy of a string with all leading whitespace removed?

<p>lstrip() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the repetition operator do when applied to a string and an integer?

<p>It makes multiple copies of the string and joins them together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the result of using the split method on the string 'apple orange banana'?

<p>['apple', 'orange', 'banana'] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if you call the upper() method on a string that contains no alphabetic letters?

<p>It will return a copy of the original string unchanged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding string comparisons in Python?

<p>Case-sensitive comparisons are performed by default. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the string '17;92;81;12;46;5', which character acts as the delimiter?

<p>; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would be most appropriate for cleaning a string by removing specified characters from both ends?

<p>strip() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the individual items obtained from tokenizing a string called?

<p>Tokens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you specify a different separator when using the split method?

<p>By passing the separator as an argument to the split method. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operator is used to create multiple copies of a string in Python?

<ul> <li>(D)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What will the expression 'hello' * 3 evaluate to?

<p>hellohellohello (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of object are strings in Python considered?

<p>Immutable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of attempting to assign a new character to an index of an immutable string?

<p>An IndexError will be raised. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the 'len' function return when applied to an empty string?

<p>0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding string concatenation using the '+' operator?

<p>It creates a new string without affecting the existing ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if you use a loop to iterate over a string and use an index that exceeds the string's length?

<p>An IndexError will occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should you prevent a loop from iterating beyond the end of a string?

<p>By using the len function to check the index. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When concatenating strings using the '+=' operator, what must be true about the left operand?

<p>It must be a string variable that exists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of strings being immutable in Python?

<p>Strings cannot be changed after their creation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must you do if you want to find the occurrences of a specific character in a string?

<p>Use a for loop with indexing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

String indexing

Accessing a character in a string using its position(index).

String concatenation

Joining two or more strings together.

String immutability

Strings cannot be changed after creation.

String length

Determining the number of characters in a string.

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IndexError

An error raised when accessing a character with an invalid index.

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Iterating through a string

Processing each character in a string using a loop.

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String

A sequence of characters.

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Augmented assignment operator

Used to update a variable by adding another string to it.

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String Slicing

Extracting a portion of a string, like a substring

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Slicing Format

string[start : end]

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String in Operator

Checks if one string exists within another

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String not in Operator

Checks if one string does not exist within another

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String Methods

Functions that test and manipulate strings

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isalnum()

Checks if a string only has letters or numbers.

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isalpha()

Checks if a string only has letters.

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isdigit()

Checks if a string only has digits.

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endswith(substring)

Checks if a string ends with a specific substring. Returns True or False.

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startswith(substring)

Checks if a string starts with a specific substring. Returns True or False.

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find(substring)

Searches for a substring within a string and returns the index of the first occurrence. Returns -1 if substring not found.

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replace(substring, new_string)

Returns a new string with all occurrences of the old substring replaced with a new string.

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isupper()

Returns true if all alphabetic letters in a string are uppercase and the string has at least one alphabetic letter, otherwise false.

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lower()

Returns a string copy with all alphabetic letters converted to lowercase. Other characters remain unchanged.

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lstrip()

Returns a copy of a string with leading whitespace characters removed (spaces, newlines, tabs).

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lstrip(char)

Returns a copy of the string with leading characters specified by the 'char' argument removed.

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rstrip()

Returns a copy of a string with trailing whitespace characters removed (spaces, newlines, tabs).

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rstrip(char)

Returns a copy of a string with all trailing instances of the 'char' argument removed.

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strip(char)

Removes specific characters from both ends of the string.

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String Repetition

The process of creating multiple copies of a string and joining them together.

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Repetition Operator

The '*' symbol used to repeat a string a specific number of times.

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String Token

A substring within a larger string, separated by a delimiter.

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Delimiter

A special character or string used to separate tokens in a larger string.

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Tokenizing

The process of breaking a string into individual tokens separated by delimiters.

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String Method 'split'

A Python method used to separate a string into a list of substrings (tokens).

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What is len(string) for?

The len(string) function returns the number of characters in a string.

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How do you check if a string is empty?

You can check if a string is empty by using the following condition: if not string:

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How do you access individual characters using a loop?

Use a for loop to iterate through each character in a string: for character in string:

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What is an IndexError?

An IndexError occurs when you try to access a character in a string using an invalid index (outside the range of the string's length).

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How do you prevent an IndexError in a loop?

Use the len(string) function to determine the length of the string and make sure your loop does not iterate beyond that length.

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'in' Operator for Strings

The in operator checks if a string (substring) is present within another string. It returns True if the substring is found and False if it isn't.

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'not in' Operator for Strings

The not in operator checks if a string (substring) is NOT present within another string. It returns True if the substring is NOT found and False if it is.

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What are String Methods?

Methods in Python are functions attached to specific data types. String methods are functions you can apply to strings to test, transform, or manipulate them.

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isalnum() Method

The isalnum() method checks if a string contains only alphanumeric characters (letters and digits) and is at least one character long.

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isalpha() Method

The isalpha() method checks if a string contains only alphabetic letters and is at least one character long.

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isdigit() Method

The isdigit() method checks if a string contains only numeric digits (0-9) and is at least one character long.

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What does find() return if the substring is not found?

The find() method returns -1 when the specified substring is not found within the string.

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Splitting a String

The process of breaking down a string into a list of substrings based on a separator.

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How does Python's 'split' work?

The 'split' method breaks a string into a list of substrings, using a specified delimiter or whitespace by default.

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What is 'valid_password' function ?

A function designed to check if a password meets specific security criteria.

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Why import the 'login' module into 'validate_password'?

To ensure that the 'validate_password' program can access the 'valid_password' function from the 'login' module.

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Study Notes

Chapter 8: More About Strings

  • Python provides tools for manipulating strings
  • Strings are sequences, allowing tools for sequences to apply to strings
  • Individual characters can be accessed via for loops or indexing
    • Using a for loop in the for ch in name: format allows iteration over each character. Useful for counting occurrences of specific characters
    • Indexing uses my_string[i] where i is the 0-based numerical index

String Operations

  • Many programs commonly manipulate strings
  • Python's tools allow extensive examination and manipulation of strings

Accessing Individual Characters

  • Individual string characters can be accessed by using a for loop or indexing
  • For loops iterate over each character in a string: for ch in name: for example, and is useful for counting repeated characters
  • Indexing specifies the position of a character using character = my_string[i], where i is the 0-based numerical index
  • IndexError exceptions can occur if accessing an index that's outside the string's bounds

The len() function

  • len(string) is used to obtain the length of a string
  • It's helpful in preventing index errors when processing string iteratively

String Concatenation

  • Strings can be joined end to end (concatenated), using the + symbol (e.g., new_string = string1 + string2)
  • The += operator can also be used to join strings to existing strings (e.g., string += new_string).
  • The variable on the left-hand side must exist

Immutability

  • Once a string is created, it cannot be changed directly
  • Python creates an entirely new string when changes are applied instead of modifying the original
  • Trying to update individual string characters will result in exceptions

String Slicing

  • A slice is a part of a string, a substring
  • Format: string[start:end], the end index is exclusive.
  • If start is not specified, it defaults to 0.
  • if end is not specified, it defaults to length of string.
  • Negative indices can be used, relative to the end of the string (e.g., string[-1] denotes last character)
  • Slices can include a step value e.g., string[start:end:step]

String Methods (Testing)

  • Boolean methods checking characteristics of strings
  • isalpha(), isdigit(), isalnum(), islower(), isupper(), isspace(), endswith(), startswith() determine if the entire string has a specific type of character
  • isdigit() checks for only numeric digits
  • isalpha() checks for alphabetic characters only.
  • islower() checks if all alphabetic characters are lowercase
  • isupper() checks if all alphabetic characters are uppercase and isspace() checks for spaces, endswith() checks if the string ends with a substring, and startswith() checks if the string starts with a substring.

String Methods (Searching & Replacing)

  • find(substring) searches for substring in a string; returns position or -1 upon not finding it
  • replace(old_string, new_string) returns copy of original string with all occurrences of a substring are replaced by another
  • endswith() method determines if an string ends with a substring
  • startswith() method determines if a string starts with a substring

String Splitting

  • The split() method is used to break a string into a list of substrings
    • By default, spaces are the delimiters
    • Other characters can be used with argument e.g., date_string.split('/')
  • String tokens and a delimiter are components for representing string data
  • Tokenizing is breaking a string into individual items or tokens

The Repetition Operator

  • The * symbol is used to repeat a string a certain number of times.
  • The string is on the left, and the integer with the repetition amount is on the right

Summary

  • This chapter covered string operations, including methods for iterating over strings, repetition and concatenation operators, strings as immutable objects, slicing strings, testing strings, string methods (including endswith(), startswith(), find(), and replace()), splitting strings, and the repetition operator.

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