Python Basics: File I/O, Data Structures, OOP, and Exception Handling

File Input/Output

• Reading Files:
  • open() function to open a file and return a file object
  • read() method to read the entire file content
  • readline() method to read a single line
  • readlines() method to read multiple lines
• Writing Files:
  • open() function to open a file in write mode ('w')
  • write() method to write content to the file
• ** Modes:**
  • 'r' for reading
  • 'w' for writing (truncates the file if it exists)
  • 'a' for appending
  • 'r+' for reading and writing
  • 'rb' for reading binary files
  • 'wb' for writing binary files

Data Structures

• Lists:
  • Ordered collection of items
  • Can be indexed and sliced
  • Can be modified (mutable)
• Tuples:
  • Ordered, immutable collection of items
  • Can be indexed and sliced
• Dictionaries:
  • Unordered collection of key-value pairs
  • Can be modified (mutable)
• Sets:
  • Unordered collection of unique items
  • Can be modified (mutable)

Object-Oriented Programming

• Classes:
  • Define a blueprint for creating objects
  • Can have attributes (data) and methods (functions)
• Objects:
  • Instances of classes
  • Have their own attributes and methods
• Inheritance:
  • A child class can inherit attributes and methods from a parent class
  • Can also override or extend the parent class's behavior

Exception Handling

• Try-Except Block:
  • try block to enclose the code that may raise an exception
  • except block to handle the exception
• Types of Exceptions:
  • SyntaxError for syntax errors
  • TypeError for type-related errors
  • ValueError for value-related errors
  • RuntimeError for runtime errors
• Raising Exceptions:
  • raise statement to raise a custom exception
  • Can be used to signal an error or unexpected condition