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Questions and Answers
Which method of purchasing is used for products that are not purchased frequently?
Which method of purchasing is used for products that are not purchased frequently?
What is the purpose of awarding tenders in purchasing?
What is the purpose of awarding tenders in purchasing?
To invite suppliers to bid for the supply of food items that require frequent purchases.
Centralized purchasing allows multiple departments to operate independently.
Centralized purchasing allows multiple departments to operate independently.
False
What is a potential disadvantage of the standing order purchase method?
What is a potential disadvantage of the standing order purchase method?
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The _______ purchasing method involves ordering grocery items every week or fortnight.
The _______ purchasing method involves ordering grocery items every week or fortnight.
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What must a supplier do when signing a contract for frequent purchases?
What must a supplier do when signing a contract for frequent purchases?
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What is the recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding?
What is the recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding?
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Why is Vitamin D important for infants during breastfeeding?
Why is Vitamin D important for infants during breastfeeding?
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What is the main purpose of introducing complementary foods after 6 months?
What is the main purpose of introducing complementary foods after 6 months?
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Which component of breast milk is critical for brain development?
Which component of breast milk is critical for brain development?
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What is the composition of mature milk primarily made up of after 21 days postpartum?
What is the composition of mature milk primarily made up of after 21 days postpartum?
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Which statement is true about colostrum?
Which statement is true about colostrum?
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What role does lactose play in breast milk?
What role does lactose play in breast milk?
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During which period does transition milk occur?
During which period does transition milk occur?
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What should be avoided when preparing formula for bottle-feeding to prevent contamination?
What should be avoided when preparing formula for bottle-feeding to prevent contamination?
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Which of the following is a reason unmodified cow's milk is not recommended for infants?
Which of the following is a reason unmodified cow's milk is not recommended for infants?
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What does failure to thrive in infants indicate?
What does failure to thrive in infants indicate?
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Which formula is particularly designed for infants with allergies?
Which formula is particularly designed for infants with allergies?
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What essential nutrient is critical for an infant's bone health and should be monitored during breastfeeding?
What essential nutrient is critical for an infant's bone health and should be monitored during breastfeeding?
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What feeding position is recommended to avoid nursing bottle syndrome?
What feeding position is recommended to avoid nursing bottle syndrome?
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Infants who do not follow their growth curve may experience which of the following?
Infants who do not follow their growth curve may experience which of the following?
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How are specially formulated infant formulas designed compared to human milk?
How are specially formulated infant formulas designed compared to human milk?
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What is the primary benefit of breastfeeding in relation to infant hospital admissions?
What is the primary benefit of breastfeeding in relation to infant hospital admissions?
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At what age do a baby's kidneys mature enough to handle high solute loads from food?
At what age do a baby's kidneys mature enough to handle high solute loads from food?
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What is one of the advantages of breastfeeding in terms of allergic reactions?
What is one of the advantages of breastfeeding in terms of allergic reactions?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding mentioned in the context?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding mentioned in the context?
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What nutrient is emphasized for newborns during the first week postpartum?
What nutrient is emphasized for newborns during the first week postpartum?
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What is a key reason for avoiding cow's and goat's milk until the baby is older?
What is a key reason for avoiding cow's and goat's milk until the baby is older?
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How does breastfeeding impact intelligence in childhood and adolescence?
How does breastfeeding impact intelligence in childhood and adolescence?
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What does breast milk provide that supports a baby's nutritional needs?
What does breast milk provide that supports a baby's nutritional needs?
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Study Notes
Purchasing Methods
- Open Market Purchase: Used for infrequent purchases, a committee of three with purchasing expertise determines best value based on quality and price.
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Purchasing by Contract: Utilized for frequent purchases like meat, poultry, dairy products, and produce.
- Tenders are invited annually based on estimated consumption.
- Suppliers provide security deposits to ensure consistent supply.
- Contracts specify quality standards.
- Risk Purchase: Clauses allow for replacement of non-supplied items at market rates, with costs charged to the supplier.
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Centralized Purchasing: One person or department manages all purchasing activities. Reports to top management focused on profit generation.
- Advantages: Improves control and coordination, leverages purchasing power for discounts, streamlines processes, and encourages profitability.
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Standing Order Purchase: Pre-determined intervals and quantities for product delivery, often used for daily consumables like dairy products.
- Advantages: Saves time, simplifies the receiving process.
- Disadvantages: Reliance on one supplier heightens risk of delays.
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Periodical Purchasing/Fortnightly Quotation List/Bi-Weekly Purchasing: Employed for groceries with weekly or bi-weekly delivery schedules.
- Purchasing departments build master lists based on expected volume and available storage.
- Suppliers quote rates for items on received quotation lists.
- Ordering decisions are based on short-term demand and storage capacity.
- Item specifications are determined using brand names, size, weight, and count.
Infant Feeding
- Significant weight changes can be a sign of malnutrition
- Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for infants from 0 to 6 months. Infants should not be given food or drink apart from breast milk
- At 6 months breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the infant's nutritional needs - complementary feeding should be introduced
- Breastfeeding can continue for up to 2 years
- Breast milk is the best nutrition for ALL babies, regardless of birth weight
- Composition of breast milk changes as the baby grows and develops
- Breastfeeding should be initiated within one hour after birth and on demand thereafter
Breast Milk Stages
- Colostrum is rich in proteins, minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins and is extremely important for the first few days of life
- Transition milk (7-21 days after birth) has a higher concentration of water-soluble vitamins, fat, and lactose, and a higher calorie content than colostrum
- Mature milk (after 21 days) is about 90% water, high in protein, fats, and carbohydrates for growth, but low in iron and vitamin D
Nutritional Advantages of Breast Milk
- Immune Factors: Contributes to a lower incidence of illness in babies
- Easily digestible Proteins: Containing lactalbumin, low in methionine and phenylalanine, and a good source of taurine
- Easily Digestible Lipids: Essential for brain development
- Lactose: Stimulates the growth of good gut bacteria and promotes the absorption of calcium and other minerals
- Low in Sodium
- Zinc, Iron, and Calcium: Easily absorbed
Other Benefits of Breastfeeding
- Growth and development Regulation: Helps the baby develop at a healthy pace
- Reduced Risk of Infection: Lower risk of illnesses like diarrhoea and respiratory tract infections
- Reduced Risk of Mortality: Lower risk of death
- Reduced Risk of SIDS
- Immature Kidney Function: Breast milk is preferable in the first few years of life when kidney function is still developing
Additional Benefits of Breastfeeding
- Positive Interaction: A bonding experience for mother and child
- Low Allergic Reactions: Less risk of allergies
- Reduced Risk of Atopic Disease: May lower the risk of conditions like eczema in babies with a family history of these diseases
- Development: Supports the development of the baby's facial muscles, speech, and teeth
- Immune Protection: Provides protection against diseases like Type 1 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease
- Improved Cognitive Development: Babies who are breastfed may show higher scores on IQ tests later in life
Breastmilk Changes
- Breast milk contains nutrients and tastants from the mother's diet and environment
- Composition of breast milk changes along with the baby's needs
Colostrum and Milk Production
- Colostrum is high in antibodies, providing passive immunity to the baby
- Milk production increases after the first few days and gradually declines as the infant starts to eat solid foods
Monitoring Infant Growth
- Growth charts monitor changes in a babies length, weight, and head circumference.
- A pattern not following the growth curve or sudden changes may indicate over- or under-nutrition
- Failure to thrive refers to slower growth than expected
Mothers' Needs
- Balanced diet to meet the baby's nutritional needs
- Adequate rest and relaxation to maintain energy levels
Bottle Feeding
- When breastfeeding is not possible or difficult
- Same frequency and amount as breastfeeding should be used
- Careful preparation is essential to avoid contamination and incorrect mixing
- Proper positioning of the infant
- Nursing bottle syndrome should be avoided (avoid using a bottle as a pacifier)
Formula Choices
- Unmodified cow's milk should not be fed to infants
- Unmodified goat's milk is not recommended
- Special formulas are available for infants with allergies, premature infants, and those with specific needs.
- Premature infants require special formulas
Justina's Story
- Breastfeeding was difficult for Justina due to her small size
- Her mother found the cradle and football holds comfortable
- Justina fell asleep during feedings
- Her mother had to tickle her feet to wake her
- Her mother struggled to produce enough milk
- Justina started formula at 2 months old
Formulas
- Formulas are designed to closely resemble breast milk
- Common brands: Enfamil, SMA, Similac, Bonamil, Gerber, and Good Start
- Formulas can be modified to suit individual needs
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Description
This quiz covers various purchasing methods including open market purchases, contract purchasing, centralized purchasing, and standing order purchases. You'll learn how each method operates, their advantages, and the role of supplier contracts. Test your knowledge on these essential procurement strategies.
