Pulmonary Ventilation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle?

  • The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
  • Air flows out of the lungs to maintain pressure.
  • The thorax and lungs enlarge with an inflow of air. (correct)
  • Internal intercostal muscles contract to push air out.

    • Which statement accurately describes expiration under normal conditions?

  • It is an active process requiring energy.
  • Air is drawn into the lungs by negative pressure.
  • The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
  • It is a passive process as muscles relax. (correct)

    • What major mechanism drives the flow of gases during ventilation?

  • Temperature differences between the air and body.
  • Pressure differences between high and low pressure areas. (correct)
  • Concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Chemical reactions within the alveoli.

    • What role does the diaphragm play in ventilation?

    <p>It contracts to enlarge the thorax for inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group primarily aids in forced expiration during high demand breathing?

    <p>Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gas pressure when its volume is decreased?

    <p>The pressure increases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about the respiratory cycle?

    <p>Expiration is never active under any circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the respiratory cycle, which phase is primarily responsible for replenishing oxygen in the body?

    <p>Inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gases behave in relation to pressure and volume according to mechanics of ventilation?

    <p>Gases behave inversely to pressure changes in a confined space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of tidal volume (VT)?

    <p>The volume of air moved in and out during quiet resting breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the vital capacity (VC)?

    <p>IRV + VT + ERV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is functional residual capacity (FRC) calculated?

    <p>ERV + RV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung volume indicates the maximum volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration?

    <p>Total lung capacity (TLC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inspiratory capacity (IC) defined as?

    <p>The air that can still be inspired after inhalation of tidal volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residual volume (RV) refers to what?

    <p>The volume of air that remains after maximal forced expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

    <p>It is the amount of air that can still be expired after exhaling tidal volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does total lung capacity (TLC) include?

    <p>IRV + VT + ERV + RV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction do gases flow in relation to pressure?

    <p>From a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) represent?

    <p>The air that can still be inspired after tidal volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps the lungs inflated during ventilation?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intrapulmonary pressure change during inhalation?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transpulmonary pressure?

    <p>Difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tidal volume (VT)?

    <p>Volume of air moved during quiet resting breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>760 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation?

    <p>It increases above atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is total lung capacity (TLC) defined?

    <p>Volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure is slightly negative compared to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the residual volume (RV) signify?

    <p>Volume of air remaining after maximal forced expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in lung volume have on pressure?

    <p>Pressure decreases and air flows in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

    <p>Amount of air that can be inspired after tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of pressure mentioned?

    <p>Pulmonary capillary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating inspiratory capacity (IC)?

    <p>IC = VT + IRV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

    <p>The amount of air that can still be expired after exhaling tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung capacity includes all lung volumes?

    <p>Total lung capacity (TLC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inspiratory capacity (IC) composed of?

    <p>IC = VT + IRV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'lung volumes' refer to in general?

    <p>The specific measurements defining different capacities of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vital capacity (VC) represent?

    <p>Maximum amount of air that can be moved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components contribute to minute-ventilation (𝐕E)?

    <p>Tidal volume and respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is physiological dead space?

    <p>Air that does not contribute to gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in tidal volume (VT) or respiratory rate (f) affect minute-ventilation (𝐕E)?

    <p>It can increase minute-ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the resistance to airflow in the airways?

    <p>Radius and length of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in lung volume have on airway resistance?

    <p>Decrease airway resistance as airways dilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a resting animal, which area provides about 60% of the airway resistance?

    <p>Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can nasal resistance be decreased during exercise?

    <p>Via dilation of the external nares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of dead space ventilation in respiration?

    <p>It assists in tempering and humidifying inhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is intrapleural pressure slightly LOWER than atmospheric pressure?

    <p>It’s slightly lower because it needs to keep the lungs inflated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trans pulmonary pressure will always be positive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a negative trans pulmonary pressure signify?

    <p>It would signify that the lungs are trying to deflate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surfactant displaces lipid molecules , and therefore decreases the surface tension to prevent collapse of the lungs

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Law of Laplace states that pressure is ___________ proportional to surface tension, and _________ inversely proportional to the radius. (Fill in blank space with one of these words: inversely, directly)

    <p>Directly ; inversely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there’s a LARGE change in volume for a SMALL change in pressure, it means the lung is ….

    <p>Highly compliant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Ventilation facilitates gas exchange between the airways, alveoli, and the environment.
    • Inspiration allows air to flow into the lungs, while expiration expels air, replenishing O2 and removing CO2.

    Respiratory Cycle

    • The respiratory cycle has two phases: inspiratory (active) and expiratory (usually passive).
    • During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, expanding the thorax caudally, while external intercostal muscles assist in further enlarging the thorax.
    • Expiration typically occurs passively as the diaphragm and external intercostals relax, but can become active if needed during exertion.

    Mechanics of Ventilation

    • Gas pressure inversely relates to its volume (Boyle’s Law).
    • Airflow moves from regions of high pressure to low pressure until equilibrium is reached.
    • Lungs possess elastic properties but inherently tend to collapse.
    • Intrapleural pressure is slightly below atmospheric pressure, aiding lung inflation.

    Pressures in Ventilation

    • Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg, comprising the sum of partial pressures of all gases.
    • Intrapleural pressure: negative pressure outside the lungs, within the pleural cavity.
    • Intrapulmonary pressure fluctuates with breathing, enabling airflow.
    • Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures.

    Lung Volumes

    • Tidal Volume (VT): air volume exchanged during normal breathing; variable with demand.
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): maximum lung air volume after full inhalation.
    • Residual Volume (RV): air remaining in the lungs post-maximal exhalation.
    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): additional air that can be inhaled after normal tidal breath.
    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): total air that can be inhaled post-normal exhalation (IC = VT + IRV).
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): extra air that can be expelled after a tidal breath.
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation (FRC = ERV + RV).
    • Vital Capacity (VC): total max air moved in forced breathing (VC = IRV + VT + ERV).

    Minute Ventilation

    • Minute ventilation (VE): total air volume inhaled/exhaled per minute (VE = VT x f).
    • Can be increased through higher tidal volumes, respiratory rates, or both.

    Physiological Dead Space

    • Regions of the respiratory system that are ventilated yet do not participate in gas exchange.
    • Anatomic dead space: airways; alveolar dead space: non-perfused alveoli.
    • Dead space ventilation aids in humidifying air and thermoregulating the body.

    Airway Resistance

    • Airflow resistance arises from friction along the airways; depends on airway radius and length.
    • Lung inflation causes airway dilation, decreasing resistance.
    • During rest, nasal cavity and upper airways account for ~60% of airway resistance, aiding in air warming and humidification.

    Velocity of Airflow

    • Airflow velocity decreases from the trachea toward smaller bronchioles, impacting efficiency of gas exchange.

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    Respiratory Physiology L2 (Ventilation) - Summer 2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of pulmonary ventilation and the respiratory cycle. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the processes of inspiration and expiration, the role of the diaphragm, and gas exchange in the lungs. Challenge yourself and deepen your knowledge of respiratory physiology!

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