Pulmonary System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which test measures the volume and flow rate of air during forced expiration?

  • Arterial blood gas analysis
  • Diffusing capacity
  • Thoracic imaging techniques
  • Spirometry (correct)

    • What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the body?

  • Bound to hemoglobin (correct)
  • Combined with blood proteins to form carbamino compounds
  • Transported as bicarbonate
  • Dissolved in plasma

    • What happens to oxygen diffusion when alveolar and capillary oxygen pressures equilibrate?

  • It decreases
  • It becomes intermittent
  • It stops (correct)
  • It increases

    • What is the driving pressure for loading oxygen onto hemoglobin?

    <p>PaO2 in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect vital capacity and residual volume?

    <p>Vital capacity decreases and residual volume increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung function test measures the volume and flow of air inhaled and exhaled and is plotted against time?

    <p>Spirometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume?

    <p>Vital capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease restricts the lungs' volume, diminishing the amount of gas that can be inspired and reducing the forced vital capacity (FVC)?

    <p>Restrictive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease affects gas flow, reducing the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)?

    <p>Obstructive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement is always the sum of the vital capacity and the residual capacity?

    <p>Total lung capacity (TLC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is commonly used to measure diffusing capacity due to its high affinity for hemoglobin and lack of limitation by pulmonary blood flow?

    <p>Carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is added to the mixture to measure residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity?

    <p>Helium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does oximetry indirectly measure?

    <p>Hemoglobin oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique estimates PaCO2 by measuring CO2 in expired air?

    <p>Capnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the normal physiologic changes in the pulmonary system with aging?

    <p>Stiffening of the chest wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pulmonary system?

    <p>Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, with the alveoli serving as the chief gas-exchange units of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood gas analysis parameters with age?

    <p>pH and PaCO2 levels do not change significantly with age, despite decreased sensitivity of chemoreceptors to gas partial pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the compensatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxemia with age?

    <p>Older adults have a diminished compensatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxemia, but their perception of dyspnea remains intact and may even be enhanced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the respiratory muscle strength and endurance with age?

    <p>Respiratory muscle strength and endurance decrease with age, leading to decreased exercise tolerance in older adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the pulmonary circulation innervated?

    <p>The pulmonary circulation is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, with vasodilation and vasoconstriction mainly controlled by local and humoral factors, such as arterial oxygenation and acid-base status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures comprise the acinus in the pulmonary system?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls mainly the vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Local and humoral factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterial system?

    <p>Alveolar hypoxia, acidemia, and inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprises the chest wall in the pulmonary system?

    <p>Skin, ribs, and intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the circulatory system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?

    <p>Bronchial circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of CO2 transport in the body?

    <p>Converted to bicarbonate ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of airway resistance in the lungs?

    <p>Bronchial smooth muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor affecting the efficient gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Ventilation-perfusion matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily determines the diffusion capacity of the lungs?

    <p>Thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the body?

    <p>Bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary System Structure and Function

    • Vital capacity decreases and residual volume increases with age, reducing ventilatory reserves and leading to decreased ventilation-perfusion ratios.
    • Immune dysregulation, "inflamm-aging," and increased infection risk occur with advancing age.
    • Blood gas analysis shows that pH and PaCO2 levels do not change significantly with age, despite decreased sensitivity of chemoreceptors to gas partial pressures.
    • Older adults have a diminished compensatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxemia, but their perception of dyspnea remains intact and may even be enhanced.
    • Structural and mechanical changes in the lungs with age, such as loss of alveolar surface area, lead to a decline in PaO2 and ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
    • The maximum PaO2 value in an older adult at sea level can be estimated by multiplying the person's age by 0.3 and subtracting the product from 100.
    • Respiratory muscle strength and endurance decrease with age, leading to decreased exercise tolerance in older adults.
    • The pulmonary system includes the two lungs, upper and lower airways, chest wall, diaphragm, and pulmonary and bronchial circulations.
    • Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, with the alveoli serving as the chief gas-exchange units of the lungs.
    • The pulmonary circulation is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, with vasodilation and vasoconstriction mainly controlled by local and humoral factors, such as arterial oxygenation and acid-base status.
    • The chest wall, lined by the parietal pleura and encasing the lungs in the visceral pleura, consists of the skin, ribs, and intercostal muscles.
    • Ventilation, controlled by the respiratory center in the brainstem and the ANS, involves the mechanics of breathing, including the diaphragm as the major muscle of inspiration and surfactant production by type II alveolar cells.

    Pulmonary System Functions and Testing

    • The chest wall is lined by the parietal pleura, while the lungs are encased in the visceral pleura, with the pleural space being the area where the two membranes come into contact.
    • The pulmonary system enables oxygen to diffuse into the blood and CO2 to diffuse out, with ventilation being the process of air flowing into and out of the airways.
    • Ventilation is mainly involuntary and controlled by the respiratory center in the brainstem and the ANS divisions, with lung receptors monitoring ventilation mechanics.
    • Successful ventilation involves breathing mechanics, such as the diaphragm's role in inspiration and surfactant production by type II alveolar cells.
    • Elastic recoil and compliance are key factors in lung function, with airway resistance being determined by various factors.
    • Gas transport depends on ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and efficient gas exchange relies on an even distribution of ventilation and perfusion within the lungs.
    • Most oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillary blood is transported by hemoglobin, and oxygen enters the body by diffusing down the concentration gradient from alveoli to capillaries.
    • CO2 is more soluble in plasma than oxygen, and it diffuses readily from tissue cells into plasma.
    • Spirometry, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, diffusing capacity, arterial blood gas analysis, and thoracic imaging are used to test pulmonary function.
    • Aging affects the mechanical aspects of ventilation by decreasing chest wall compliance and elastic recoil of the lungs, reducing ventilatory reserve.
    • Aging causes loss of alveolar wall tissue and enlargement, diminishing the gas diffusion surface area, and can result in a decrease in PaO2 levels but does not affect PaCO2 levels.
    • Vital capacity decreases, and residual volume increases with age, while total lung capacity remains unchanged.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the pulmonary system's structure and function with this quiz. Explore topics such as age-related changes, gas exchange, respiratory muscles, and the mechanics of breathing. Gain insights into the vital capacity, immune dysregulation, and the role of the respiratory center in controlling ventilation.

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