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Questions and Answers
What is the female/male ratio for pulmonary hypertension?
What is the female/male ratio for pulmonary hypertension?
Which group of WHO hypertension classification does pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) belong to?
Which group of WHO hypertension classification does pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) belong to?
What is the mechanism behind the increased pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension?
What is the mechanism behind the increased pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension?
Which subgroups of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are mentioned in the text?
Which subgroups of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are mentioned in the text?
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What happens in Group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) according to the text?
What happens in Group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) according to the text?
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What is the initial screening test for pulmonary hypertension mentioned in the text?
What is the initial screening test for pulmonary hypertension mentioned in the text?
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What ECG finding may be present in some patients with pulmonary hypertension?
What ECG finding may be present in some patients with pulmonary hypertension?
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What does the 6 minute walk test measure?
What does the 6 minute walk test measure?
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What does Group 5 PH involve?
What does Group 5 PH involve?
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What is the estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure considered elevated in adults?
What is the estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure considered elevated in adults?
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What happens in Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH) according to the text?
What happens in Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH) according to the text?
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What is the main cause of increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in Group 4 PH?
What is the main cause of increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in Group 4 PH?
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Which one of the following is more commonly associated with PAH?
Which one of the following is more commonly associated with PAH?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of R hypertensive heart disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of R hypertensive heart disease?
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What is a pathologic finding of R heart failure?
What is a pathologic finding of R heart failure?
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Which stage of PH (by WHO) is characterized by symptoms at rest and signs suggestive of R-sided congestive heart failure?
Which stage of PH (by WHO) is characterized by symptoms at rest and signs suggestive of R-sided congestive heart failure?
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What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class II stage of PH (by WHO)?
What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class II stage of PH (by WHO)?
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What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class III stage of PH (by WHO)?
What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class III stage of PH (by WHO)?
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What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class I stage of PH (by WHO)?
What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class I stage of PH (by WHO)?
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What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class IV stage of PH (by WHO)?
What is the characteristic functional activity limitation in Class IV stage of PH (by WHO)?
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Which of the following is a pathologic finding of R heart failure?
Which of the following is a pathologic finding of R heart failure?
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What is the characteristic pathologic finding in cor pulmonale?
What is the characteristic pathologic finding in cor pulmonale?
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What is the characteristic pressure overload in cor pulmonale?
What is the characteristic pressure overload in cor pulmonale?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Hypertension
- The female to male ratio for pulmonary hypertension is 2.5:1.
WHO Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) belongs to Group 1.
Mechanism of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Increased pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension is caused by vasoconstriction, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and inflammation.
Subgroups of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
- The subgroups of PAH mentioned are: idiopathic, heritable, drug- and toxin-induced, associated with connective tissue diseases, HIV infection, portal hypertension, and congenital heart diseases.
Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)
- In Group 2 PH, the left heart disease leads to an increase in pulmonary venous pressure.
Screening Test for Pulmonary Hypertension
- The initial screening test for pulmonary hypertension is an echocardiogram.
ECG Findings in Pulmonary Hypertension
- A right axis deviation may be present in some patients with pulmonary hypertension.
6-Minute Walk Test
- The 6-minute walk test measures the exercise capacity and functional class of patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)
- Group 5 PH involves multifactorial mechanisms, including hematological disorders, systemic disorders, and miscellaneous conditions.
Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure
- An estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure of >40 mmHg is considered elevated in adults.
Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)
- In Group 3 PH, the chronic lung disease leads to hypoxemia and vasoconstriction.
Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)
- The main cause of increased pulmonary vascular resistance in Group 4 PH is chronic thrombotic or embolic disease.
Association with PAH
- Connective tissue diseases are more commonly associated with PAH.
Right Ventricular Hypertensive Heart Disease
- Right ventricular hypertrophy is a characteristic feature of R hypertensive heart disease.
Pathologic Findings of R Heart Failure
- A pathologic finding of R heart failure is right ventricular hypertrophy.
WHO Classification of PH
- Stage IV of PH is characterized by symptoms at rest and signs suggestive of R-sided congestive heart failure.
Functional Activity Limitations in PH
- In Class I, patients have no limitation of physical activity.
- In Class II, patients have slight limitation of physical activity.
- In Class III, patients have marked limitation of physical activity.
- In Class IV, patients are unable to carry out any physical activity without symptoms.
Cor Pulmonale
- The characteristic pathologic finding in cor pulmonale is right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation.
- The characteristic pressure overload in cor pulmonale is right ventricular pressure overload.
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Description
Test your knowledge of pulmonary hypertension with this quiz. Explore the mechanism, epidemiology, and classification of this condition characterized by increased mean pulmonary artery pressure.
