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Questions and Answers
What pH level indicates acidosis?
What pH level indicates acidosis?
Which partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) indicates alkalosis?
Which partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) indicates alkalosis?
What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3) levels?
What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3) levels?
What is the primary function of a pulse oximeter?
What is the primary function of a pulse oximeter?
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Which of the following statements about a chest MRI is true?
Which of the following statements about a chest MRI is true?
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How long must a patient remain NPO before a procedure requiring contrast medium?
How long must a patient remain NPO before a procedure requiring contrast medium?
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What is the potential consequence of a PaO2 level below 80 mmHg?
What is the potential consequence of a PaO2 level below 80 mmHg?
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If a contrast medium is to be used during a procedure, what should be assessed?
If a contrast medium is to be used during a procedure, what should be assessed?
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What is the primary use of Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)?
What is the primary use of Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)?
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Which condition does NOT affect pulse oximetry readings?
Which condition does NOT affect pulse oximetry readings?
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What specimen is typically collected for Culture and Sensitivity tests?
What specimen is typically collected for Culture and Sensitivity tests?
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For sputum collection, when should the specimen be obtained?
For sputum collection, when should the specimen be obtained?
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Which test assesses oxygenation and acid-base balance?
Which test assesses oxygenation and acid-base balance?
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What type of specimen is obtained for blood gas analysis?
What type of specimen is obtained for blood gas analysis?
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What should be avoided prior to a pulmonary function test?
What should be avoided prior to a pulmonary function test?
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What is the preliminary result time frame for Culture and Sensitivity tests?
What is the preliminary result time frame for Culture and Sensitivity tests?
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Which imaging method uses narrow-beam x-rays for lung scanning?
Which imaging method uses narrow-beam x-rays for lung scanning?
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What is the primary preparation required for Arterial Blood Gas studies?
What is the primary preparation required for Arterial Blood Gas studies?
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What is the purpose of the Allen's Test?
What is the purpose of the Allen's Test?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for a chest X-ray?
Which of the following is a contraindication for a chest X-ray?
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Why should a patient rinse their mouth with water before sputum collection?
Why should a patient rinse their mouth with water before sputum collection?
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What category do microorganisms fall into regarding their reaction to antibiotic treatment?
What category do microorganisms fall into regarding their reaction to antibiotic treatment?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)
- Assess respiratory function
- Determine extent of dysfunction
- Monitor response to therapy
- Used for screening in hazardous industries
- Uses a spirometer
- Indications:
- Chronic respiratory disorders
- Patients undergoing thoracic and upper abdominal surgery
- Obesity
- Symptomatic patients with a history suggesting high risk
Percentage Predicted Value
- Compares patient performance with an average based on age, gender, race, and height.
Patient Preparation for PFT
- Instruct patient to avoid:
- Smoking for 24 hours
- Drinking alcohol for at least 4 hours
- Vigorous exercise for at least 30 minutes
- Wearing any tight clothing
- Eating a large meal for at least 2 hours
- Taking short-acting bronchodilators for four hours
- Taking long-acting beta-2-agonist inhalers for 12 hours
- Taking slow-release medicines that affect respiratory function, and theophylline-based drugs for 24 hours
Arterial Blood Gas Studies (ABG)
- Assess oxygenation and acid-base balance
- No special preparation needed
- Draw arterial blood, which is bright red in color
- Radial artery most common site for blood withdrawal
- Perform Allen's test prior to blood draw to check ulnar-radial blood sufficiency
- Use heparinized syringe to prevent clotting
- Keep collected specimen on ice to prevent hemolysis
Normal Arterial Blood Gas Values
- pH: 7.35 to 7.45
- PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg
- HCO3: 21-26 mEq/L
- PaO2: 80-100 mmHg
Abnormal Arterial Blood Gas Values
- Acidosis: pH less than 7.35
- Alkalosis: pH greater than 7.45
- Hypoxia: PaO2 less than 80 mmHg
Factors Affecting Pulse Oximetry Readings
- Anemia
- Abnormal hemoglobin
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Patient movement (shivering)
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
- Identifies the presence of pathogens in a sample and determines which drug/s are most effective against it.
- Results:
- Sensitive: The drug is highly effective against the identified pathogen.
- Intermediate: The drug may be effective at a higher dosage.
- Resistant: The drug is ineffective against the identified pathogen.
- Cultures should be obtained prior to antibiotic therapy initiation.
- Preliminary results: usually available within 24 hours.
- Final results: available after 48 to 72 hours.
- Collection sites:
- Throat swab: Useful in detecting streptococcal infections.
- Nasal/Nasopharyngeal swab: Detects Staphylococcus aureus and Influenza.
- Sputum: For identifying a variety of pathogens
Sputum Studies
- Sputum is the thick mucus produced in the lungs.
- Gram staining: determines if the bacteria is gram-positive or gram-negative.
- Culture and Sensitivity: Determines the presence of bacterial infection and which antibiotics are effective.
- Acid-fast bacilli: Tests for tuberculosis.
Sputum Collection
- Obtain sputum early in the morning before food or fluid intake.
- Rinse mouth with water prior to collection.
- Instruct patient to take a few deep breaths and then cough deeply.
- Expectorate sputum into a sterile container.
- Offer oral care.
Chest X-ray
- Detects densities caused by fluid, tumors, foreign bodies, and other pathologic conditions.
- Pregnancy is a contraindication.
- No fasting or special preparation needed for the procedure.
Chest CT-Scan
- Produces cross-sectional images of the chest.
- Remain in supine position for about 30 minutes during the procedure.
- If contrast medium is used:
- Assess for allergies to iodine.
- Monitor kidney function.
- Patient needs to be NPO for 4 hours prior to the procedure, or as ordered.
Chest MRI
- Produces more detailed diagnostic images than x-rays and CT scans.
- Utilizes magnetic fields and radiofrequency instead of radiation.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), including their purposes, indications, and preparation requirements for patients. It also discusses the significance of the percentage predicted value in assessing respiratory function. Perfect for healthcare professionals and students in respiratory therapy.
