43 Questions
What does yellow/greenish, cloudy and thick sputum usually indicate?
Bacterial infection
Which condition might be indicated by purulent and foul-smelling sputum?
Bronchiectasis
What does hemoptysis refer to?
Bright red frothy sputum associated with pulmonary edema
What do wheezing sounds indicate?
Upper airway obstruction
What is the significance of orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing when lying down
What does cyanosis indicate?
Inadequate oxygen supply to blood
What is the purpose of arterial blood gases testing?
To check carbon dioxide, oxygen, and bicarbonate levels
'Rales' are associated with which type of sound?
Light bubbly or crackling sounds from serous secretions
'Rhonchi' are sounds resulting from:
'Thick mucus'
Where is the cough reflex center located?
Medulla
What is the most common pathogen causing epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenzae B
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with scarlet fever?
Watery eyes
What type of cough removes secretions and mucous?
Productive (wet) cough
'Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea' is common in people with:
'Left-sided heart failure'
What is a key sign of scarlet fever due to an exotoxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Strawberry tongue
Which diagnostic test is useful in diagnosing and monitoring COPD?
Spirometry
Which age group is bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) most common in?
Young children 2 to 12 months old
What do oximeters measure?
Oxygen saturation
What is a predisposing factor for bronchiolitis (RSV Infection)?
Exposure to cigarette smoke
Which test is used in checking for the site of a lesion or bleeding?
Bronchoscopy
Which infection can cause total airway obstruction due to reflex spasm?
Epiglottitis
What type of cough may benefit from cough medicine with an expectorant?
Productive (wet) cough
When may a humidifier be helpful for a cough?
Productive (wet) cough
What is the main characteristic symptom of influenza (flu)?
Headache
What treatment is recommended for scarlet fever?
Antibiotics
What does exercise tolerance testing help assess in patients with COPD?
Exercise capacity
Which sign is especially dangerous in premies with bronchiolitis?
'Chest retractions'
What is the major mechanism of air flow limitation in emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar walls
Which drug is commonly used for prophylactic treatment of active TB contacts?
Isoniazid
What is the major cause of pleural abnormalities like pneumothorax?
Smoking
In pneumothorax, what disrupts the negative pressure of the pleural space?
Presence of air or gas in pleural space
Which type of pneumothorax can result in compression atelectasis?
Tension pneumothorax
What treatment is recommended for tension pneumothorax?
Immediate chest tube insertion
Which condition involves both blood and air in the pleural space?
Hemopneumothorax
Which type of pneumonia is typically caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and localized in one or more lobes?
Lobar pneumonia
What is a typical sign of lobar pneumonia due to the presence of RBCs in exudate?
Rusty sputum
Which type of pneumonia is common in older children and young adults, often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
What antibiotic is typically used to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections due to its lack of a cell wall?
Erythromycin
Which type of pneumonia is considered opportunistic and often fatal in AIDS patients?
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
What characteristic defines Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Excessive mucus production for at least 3 months consecutively
What characteristic feature distinguishes Primary Atypical Pneumonia from other types?
'Walking pneumonia' term usage
What stage of Tuberculosis (TB) occurs when exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to the formation of calcified tubercles?
Primary or latent stage
Which statement accurately describes the progression of secondary or reinfection TB?
Traveling of large areas of lung into bronchi and blood vessels causing hemoptysis
Study Notes
Sputum Characteristics
- Yellow/greenish, cloudy, and thick sputum indicates a bacterial infection
- Rusty or dark-colored sputum indicates blood and pneumococcal pneumonia
- Purulent (pus-filled) and foul-smelling sputum may indicate bronchiectasis
- Thick or sticky mucus is often seen in asthma or cystic fibrosis patients
- Hemoptysis is characterized by bright red, frothy sputum, associated with pulmonary edema
Breathing Patterns and Characteristics
- Normal breathing rate (eupnea) is 10-18 inspirations per minute
- Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound when airways are partially blocked
- Stridor is a high-pitched crowing sound indicating upper airway obstruction
- Rales are light, bubbly, or crackling sounds associated with serous secretions
- Rhonchi are deeper, harsher sounds resulting from thick mucus
- Absence of breath sounds may indicate non-aeration or collapse of a lung (atelectasis)
Dyspnea and Cyanosis
- Dyspnea is difficulty breathing, characterized by flaring nostrils, retraction of respiratory muscles, and use of accessory muscles
- Orthopnea is dyspnea when lying down, which can be helped by laying on raised pillows or a wedge
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is sudden, acute dyspnea, common in people with left-sided heart failure
- Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to large amounts of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
Pleural Pain and Friction Rub
- Pleural pain results from inflammation or infection of the parietal pleura and increases with breathing or coughing
- Friction rub is a soft sound due to rough membranes rubbing against each other, caused by inflammation in lobar pneumonia or lung infection
Infectious Diseases
Upper Respiratory Infections
- Common cold: caused by over 200 viruses, spread through respiratory droplets and fomites
- Sinusitis: bacterial infection secondary to a cold or allergy, causing nasal congestion, fever, sore throat, and facial pain
- Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup): viral infection in young children, characterized by a barking cough
- Epiglottitis: acute infection, rapid onset, fever, sore throat, and inspiratory stridor
- Influenza (flu): viral infection, sudden onset, achy, fever, headache, and fatigue
Lower Respiratory Infections
- Bronchiolitis (Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection): inflammatory obstruction of small airways, common in young children
- Pneumonia: infection of the lungs, causing fever, chills, cough, and difficulty breathing
- Tuberculosis (TB): bacterial infection, causing cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
Diagnostic Tests
- Spirometry: pulmonary function testing
- Arterial blood gases: measuring oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels, and serum pH
- Oximetry: measuring oxygen saturation
- Exercise tolerance testing: useful in patients with COPD for diagnosis and monitoring
- Radiography: evaluation of tumors and infections like pneumonia and TB
- Bronchoscopy: used in biopsy and checking for the site of a lesion or bleeding
- Culture and sensitivity tests: identifying pathogens in exudate from upper respiratory and sputum
Test your knowledge on pulmonary function testing, arterial blood gases analysis, oxygen saturation measurement, exercise tolerance testing, radiography, bronchoscopy, and culture and sensitivity tests commonly used in respiratory diagnostic procedures.
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