Pulmonary Disorders 2

<p>Chronic metabolic alkalosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Codeine-containing medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained pulmonary artery systolic pressure &gt; 25 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased left atrial pressures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickening of the walls of small pulmonary vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypocoagulability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living in a rural environment with low population density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mycobacteria enter the lungs, are ingested by macrophages, multiply, and disseminate through the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent transmission and achieve bacteriologic cure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug toxicity and the emergence of drug-resistant mycobacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TB disproportionately affects developing countries and is exacerbated by the AIDS epidemic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation of infected, aerosolized droplets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both isoniazid and rifampin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A region of induration (hardness) around the injection site 48 to 72 hours after injection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treating active TB with drugs prescribed for latent TB promotes the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for liver damage (hepatotoxicity). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shorter treatment duration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoloration of body fluids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to increased metabolism of other drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased efficacy of the oral contraceptives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit the formation of new blood clots in individuals at risk. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Careful monitoring of swallowing function and implementation of aspiration precautions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to consolidation, impairing gas exchange and causing hypoxemia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtain a sputum culture and sensitivity to guide antibiotic therapy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve venous return from the lower extremities and prevent venous stasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to increased vascular resistance, exacerbating pulmonary hypertension by impeding blood flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired right ventricular function, leading to reduced cardiac output and systemic oxygen delivery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of an identifiable underlying cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstruction of pulmonary blood flow, leading to ventilation-perfusion mismatch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercoagulability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden onset of chest pain, tachycardia, and hypotension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced cardiac output causes decreased cerebral perfusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy induced by isoniazid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rifampin induces P450 enzymes, leading to decreased serum concentrations of concurrently administered drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To shorten the duration of treatment and improve adherence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell-mediated immune response by previously sensitized T cells to PPD. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to treatment failure and the development of drug-resistant strains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combat the development of drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orange discoloration of bodily fluids (e.g., urine, tears). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent immigration from a region with high TB prevalence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary function tests showing restrictive lung disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MDR-TB is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, while XDR-TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, all fluoroquinolones, and at least one injectable second-line drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotion of drug-resistant mycobacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved sanitation and hygiene practices in developing countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescription of a broad-spectrum antibiotic to prevent secondary infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingestion and processing of the mycobacteria by alveolar macrophages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healthy adults with no known risk factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rapidly identify <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> in sputum samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulomas on lung biopsy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sustained pulmonary artery systolic pressure > 25 mm Hg.

Primary form of pulmonary hypertension; rapid progression, poor prognosis.

Pulmonary hypertension due to diseases causing increased blood flow or resistance.

Symptoms include exercise intolerance, syncope, and increasing dyspnea.

Blockage in pulmonary arteries due to a thrombus.

Three factors that increase the risk of thromboemboli: venous stasis, intimal injury, hypercoagulability.

Symptoms include restlessness, dyspnea, tachycardia, and hemoptysis based on thrombus size.

Management includes treating underlying causes, vasodilators, and possibly transplants.

Measures taken to prevent pulmonary embolism, including maintaining mobility and using medication.

Types of pneumonia categorized by the setting of acquisition: community or hospital, and by causative agents: viral, bacterial, atypical.

Conditions that increase the likelihood of developing pneumonia, including age and health status.

The process by which pathogens enter the lungs and trigger an inflammatory response, leading to fluid accumulation in alveoli.

Symptoms of pneumonia that vary based on disease severity and patient age, including cough and fever.

A test involving injection of PPD to indicate TB exposure.

Indicated by induration at the injection site after 48-72 hours.

Standard treatment for latent TB, taken daily for 9 months.

Can cause liver damage and peripheral neuropathy.

Effective combination therapy for latent TB, taken weekly for 3 months.

Includes Isoniazid, Rifampin, Rifapentine, and others.

Hepatotoxicity, body fluid discoloration, GI disturbances.

Bactericidal drug used in tuberculosis treatment.

Conditions that increase the likelihood of tuberculosis infection.

Initial tuberculosis infection that may lie dormant.

Secondary infection occurring years after primary TB due to impaired immunity.

Process by which Mycobacteria invade and multiply in lung tissue.

Techniques for confirming tuberculosis infection, including sputum tests.

Medications used to treat active tuberculosis over 9-12 months.

Strain of TB resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

A state where TB bacteria are present but inactive and not contagious.

Minimum 6 months for drug-sensitive TB; can be up to 24 months for resistant cases.

Treatments for pulmonary embolism include heparin IV, thrombolytics, and embolectomy.

Treatment includes cough management, antibiotics, and increasing fluid intake.

Pressure in the pulmonary artery; > 25 mm Hg indicates pulmonary HTN.

Conditions causing increased blood flow, resistance, or left atrial pressure leading to pulmonary HTN.

Fibrotic formations in pulmonary artery walls that impede blood flow in pulmonary HTN.

Right heart failure due to pulmonary HTN, leading to increased workload on the heart.

Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, tachycardia, and chest pain on inspiration.

Management includes anticoagulants, thrombolytics, and sometimes surgery.

Conditions like genetics or cancer treatments that increase blood clotting risk.

A blood test used to detect latent tuberculosis infection.

Method of administering the Tuberculin Skin Test using PPD.

Area of hardness indicating a positive TB skin test response.

Primary drug for treating latent TB, requires long-term use.

Combined therapy for latent TB, taken weekly for 3 months.

Broad-spectrum antibiotic used in TB treatment.

Risk of liver damage associated with certain TB medications.

Medications that kill bacteria, used in TB treatment.

Symptoms of TB include low-grade fever, chronic cough, night sweats, and weight loss.

Methods to confirm TB include sputum culture, chest x-ray, and TB skin test.

Treatment for active TB generally lasts 9-12 months with anti-TB medications.

5-10% of individuals with latent TB may develop active TB without treatment.

Reactivation can occur years later due to an impaired immune system, including conditions like HIV.

Multidrug-resistant TB is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin; extensively drug-resistant TB further resists fluoroquinolones and injectable drugs.

Primary TB is transmitted through inhalation of infected aerosolized sputum, often lying dormant.

Nonadherence to TB medication regimens is a major cause of treatment failure.