Pulmonary Alterations in Respiratory Function
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary cause of cor pulmonale?

  • Decreased oxygen levels in systemic circulation
  • Elevated left ventricular pressure (correct)
  • Decreased blood flow through the pulmonary circulation
  • Increased lung capacity

    • Which type of lung cancer is the most common?

  • Mesothelioma
  • Small cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (correct)
  • Adenocarcinoma

    • What symptom is commonly associated with laryngeal cancer?

  • Chest pain
  • Progressive hoarseness (correct)
  • Persistent cough
  • Difficulty breathing

    • Which of the following statements about lung cancer is NOT true?

    <p>All lung cancers have the same prognosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the different types of cancer cell types in lung cancer?

    <p>They arise in characteristic sites and cause distinctive clinical manifestations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs due to a deformed chest wall?

    <p>Increased work of breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes flail chest?

    <p>Rib or sternal fractures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space?

    <p>Pneumothorax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tension pneumothorax from regular pneumothorax?

    <p>It traps air in the pleural space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of pus in empyema?

    <p>Bacterial pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of orthopnea?

    <p>Dyspnea that occurs when sitting upright (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs from the collapse of alveoli?

    <p>Atelectasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with an increase in Paco2?

    <p>Hypoventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by the inflammatory obstruction of small airways, especially in children?

    <p>Bronchiolitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cyanosis indicate?

    <p>Desaturation of hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoptysis can be caused by which of the following conditions?

    <p>Tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from excessive connective tissue in the lung, leading to reduced lung compliance?

    <p>Pulmonary fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of breathing pattern is characterized by deep, rapid breathing often seen in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Kussmaul respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypoxemia?

    <p>Polycythemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acute respiratory failure indicate regarding gas exchange?

    <p>Inadequate gas exchange or ventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes hyperventilation?

    <p>Increased alveolar ventilation often due to anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pneumoconiosis?

    <p>Inhalation of dust particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by excess water in the lungs due to capillary disturbances?

    <p>Pulmonary edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pulmonary disease is characterized by difficulty in expiration?

    <p>Obstructive pulmonary disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following primarily causes asthma?

    <p>Episodic airway exposure to antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema is caused by cigarette smoking?

    <p>Centriacinar emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Airway obstruction due to inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is marked by both asthma and COPD symptoms?

    <p>Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the loss of passive elastic recoil in emphysema?

    <p>Destruction of elastin in alveolar septa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with the formation of large bullae?

    <p>Paraseptal emphysema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent cause of short-term disability in the United States?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia is classified based on its acquisition location?

    <p>Community-acquired pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is not part of the inflammatory response in pneumococcal pneumonia?

    <p>Inflammatory phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung infection is primarily caused by M. tuberculosis?

    <p>Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can arise from an embolism in the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an abscess in the lungs?

    <p>Area of destruction with suppuration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines pulmonary artery hypertension?

    <p>Mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Dyspnea

    A feeling of breathlessness and increased respiratory effort, often associated with respiratory and cardiac diseases.

    Orthopnea

    Dyspnea that occurs when a person is in an upright position, often associated with heart failure.

    Coughing

    A protective reflex that expels secretions and irritants from the lower airways, mediated by the vagus nerve.

    Hyperventilation

    Increased alveolar ventilation produced by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia, leading to decreased Paco2.

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    Hypoventilation

    Decreased alveolar ventilation caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of breathing, leading to increased Paco2.

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    Cyanosis

    A bluish discoloration of the skin caused by desaturation of hemoglobin, polycythemia, or peripheral vasoconstriction.

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    Hypercapnia

    Increased Paco2 caused by a decrease in minute volume, which is the product of respiratory rate and tidal volume.

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    Hypoxemia

    Reduced Pao2 caused by factors like decreased oxygen content in inspired gas, hypoventilation, diffusion abnormality, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, or shunting.

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    Pneumoconiosis

    A group of lung diseases caused by inhaling dust particles, leading to inflammation, scarring, and increased risk of infections and tumors.

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    Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

    An allergic reaction to inhaled allergens, causing inflammation and fluid buildup in the air sacs.

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    Pulmonary Edema

    Excess fluid in the lungs, often caused by heart failure or leaky blood vessels.

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    Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

    A severe lung injury causing widespread inflammation and damage to the air sacs, leading to fluid buildup and difficulty breathing.

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    Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

    A category of lung diseases characterized by difficulty breathing out due to airway obstruction.

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    Asthma

    A chronic lung disease with inflammation in the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and tightness in the chest.

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    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

    A chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation and airway narrowing, leading to persistent cough, excessive mucus production, and shortness of breath.

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    Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome

    A lung disease where features of both asthma and COPD coexist, leading to a complex mix of symptoms.

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    Pneumothorax

    A condition where air accumulates in the space between your lung and chest wall. This can happen due to a tear in the lung or injury.

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    Tension Pneumothorax

    A life-threatening condition where air trapped in the chest cavity presses on the lung and heart, making it difficult to breathe.

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    Pleural effusion

    Fluid buildup in the space between your lung and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions that make the blood vessels leak fluid.

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    Empyema

    Pus in the space between your lung and chest wall, usually caused by an infection.

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    Atelectasis

    The collapse of tiny air sacs in the lungs, which can happen due to compression, blockage, or lack of surfactant.

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    Bronchiectasis

    An abnormal widening of the airways in the lungs, usually caused by infection or chronic inflammation.

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    Bronchiolitis

    Inflammation and blockage of the small airways in the lungs, most common in children.

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    Pulmonary Fibrosis

    Excessive scar tissue in the lungs that makes it difficult to breathe.

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    Paraseptal emphysema

    Paraseptal emphysema is a type of emphysema characterized by the development of large, air-filled sacs (bullae) adjacent to the pleura.

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    Pneumonia

    Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs, often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common type in the community is community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

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    Pneumococcal pneumonia

    Pneumococcal pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. The infection progresses through four stages, including consolidation, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution.

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    Tuberculosis (TB)

    Tuberculosis (TB) is a lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria can survive within macrophages, resisting destruction and leading to a chronic, dormant infection.

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    Pulmonary embolism (PE)

    Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a clot (thrombus), tissue fragment, or air bubble blocks a blood vessel in the lungs. This can lead to breathing difficulties, chest pain, and potentially death.

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    Pulmonary hypertension

    Pulmonary hypertension is a condition where the pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs is abnormally high. This can damage the lungs and heart over time.

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    Acute bronchitis

    Acute bronchitis is a common respiratory infection that causes inflammation of the airways, typically caused by a virus and often resolving on its own.

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    Lung abscess

    Abscesses in the lungs are localized pockets of infection and pus that develop within lung tissue, often caused by inhaled foreign objects or aspiration.

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    Cor Pulmonale

    Enlargement of the right ventricle caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension).

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    Small Cell Lung Cancer

    A type of lung cancer that grows more quickly and spreads more easily. It is often associated with smoking.

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    Right Ventricular Failure

    A condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively due to an enlarged and weakened right ventricle, often caused by chronic lung disease.

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    Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

    The most common type of lung cancer, characterized by slow growth and a tendency to spread later.

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    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Alterations

    • Acute respiratory failure is caused by inadequate gas exchange or ventilation (Pao2 ≤50 mmHg or Paco2 ≥50 mmHg and pH ≥7.25).
    • Chest wall disorders: Deformed, traumatized, immobilized, or abnormally heavy chest walls increase the work of breathing, compromising ventilation.
    • Flail chest: Rib or sternal fractures disrupt breathing mechanics
    • Pneumothorax: Air in the pleural space, potentially caused by spontaneous rupture, disease, trauma, or mechanical ventilation.
    • Tension pneumothorax: Life-threatening condition due to trapped air in the pleural space.
    • Pleural effusion: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space, usually due to transudation or exudation from capillaries or blockage of lymphatic vessels.
    • Empyema: Pus in the pleural space (infected pleural effusion), often from lymphatic drainage of bacterial pneumonia.
    • Aspiration: Fluid or solid particles entering the lungs, frequently leading to pneumonitis and infection.
    • Atelectasis: Alveoli collapse due to compression, absorption of gas, or surfactant impairment.
    • Bronchiectasis: Abnormal dilation of bronchi, usually secondary to infection.

    Pulmonary Disorders

    • Hypoventilation: Decreased alveolar ventilation caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control, leading to increased Paco2.
    • Hyperventilation: Increased alveolar ventilation caused by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia, leading to decreased Paco2.
    • Cyanosis: Bluish skin discoloration due to hemoglobin desaturation, polycythemia, or peripheral vasoconstriction.
    • Clubbing: Fingertip enlargement associated with chronic hypoxemia disrupting normal pulmonary circulation.
    • Hypercapnia: Increased Paco2 due to decreased minute volume.
    • Hypoxemia: Reduced Pao2 due to decreased inspired oxygen, hypoventilation, diffusion abnormalities, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, or shunting.
    • Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of small airways, most common in children
    • Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: Complication of bronchiolitis obliterans involving alveolar and bronchiole tissue plugs.
    • Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: Inflammatory, fibrotic process post-lung transplant.
    • Pulmonary fibrosis: Excessive connective tissue in the lungs, decreasing compliance and oxygen diffusion, leading to hypoxemia.
    • Pneumoconiosis: Dust inhalation (coal, silica, asbestos) causing chronic inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, and infection susceptibility
    • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis): Allergic reaction to various allergens causing inflammation.
    • Pulmonary edema: Excess water in the lungs due to abnormalities in capillary pressure, oncotic pressure, or permeability.
    • ALI/ARDS: Acute diffuse inflammatory injury to alveolocapillary membrane causes edema, atelectasis, decreased surfactant production.
    • Obstructive pulmonary disease: Characterized by airway obstruction during exhalation. Types include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
    • Asthma: Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosa causing variable airway obstruction.
    • Chronic bronchitis: Chronic inflammation of bronchi, causing airway obstruction from bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy and increased mucus production.
    • Emphysema: Destruction of elastin in alveolar septa, decreasing lung elasticity and causing air trapping.
    • COPD: Combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
    • Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: Overlap of asthma and COPD symptoms.
    • Upper respiratory tract infections: Include rhinitis (common cold), pharyngitis, laryngitis; common cause of short-term disability.
    • Lower respiratory tract infections: Include pneumonia and tuberculosis; serious for older & immunocompromised patients.
    • Acute bronchitis: Acute infection/inflammation of large airways.
    • Pneumonia: Infection of lower respiratory tract; categorized as community-acquired, healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, or ventilator-associated.
    • Viral pneumonia: Acute, self-limiting infection typically caused by influenza.
    • Tuberculosis: Lung infection caused by M. tuberculosis.
    • Abscesses: Circumscribed lung tissue destruction due to suppuration (pus).
    • Pulmonary vascular diseases: Embolism, hypertension, abnormalities in pulmonary blood flow.
    • Pulmonary embolism (PE): Occlusion of pulmonary blood vessels (most commonly by a thrombus).
    • Pulmonary artery hypertension: Elevated pulmonary artery pressure (≥25 mmHg) at rest due to factors like elevated left ventricular pressure, increased blood flow, vascular obliteration, hypoxemia, or acidosis.
    • Cor pulmonale: Right ventricular enlargement due to chronic pulmonary hypertension
    • Laryngeal cancer: Rare cancer most common in men, often involving squamous cell carcinoma of vocal cords, characterized by progressive hoarseness
    • Lung cancer: Common, potentially fatal malignancy, often linked to smoking; various cell types: non-small cell (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell) and small cell (oat cell).

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    Pulmonary Alterations Summary Review PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various pulmonary alterations, including acute respiratory failure, chest wall disorders, pneumothorax, and pleural effusions. Explore the mechanisms and implications of conditions such as flail chest and tension pneumothorax. Gain a comprehensive understanding of these respiratory issues and their management.

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