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Questions and Answers
Which nerve supplies all muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus?
Which nerve supplies all muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus?
hypoglossal nerve
Which nerve supplies circumvallate papillae?
Which nerve supplies circumvallate papillae?
glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle?
Which nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the safety muscle of the larynx which is the only abductor of the vocal cords?
What is the safety muscle of the larynx which is the only abductor of the vocal cords?
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Which nerve supplies all muscles of mastication?
Which nerve supplies all muscles of mastication?
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Which type of exam is the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam?
Which type of exam is the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam?
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How many questions does the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam comprise of?
How many questions does the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam comprise of?
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To pass the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam, candidates need to score 60% marks.
To pass the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam, candidates need to score 60% marks.
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FMGE Licensing Screening Exam has __ parts: Paper I and II.
FMGE Licensing Screening Exam has __ parts: Paper I and II.
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Match the following descriptions with the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam questions pattern:
Match the following descriptions with the FMGE Licensing Screening Exam questions pattern:
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Which artery supplies the SA node, AV node, and AV bundle?
Which artery supplies the SA node, AV node, and AV bundle?
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The ligamentum arteriosum is derived from the Ductus arteriosus.
The ligamentum arteriosum is derived from the Ductus arteriosus.
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The floor of the fossa ovalis in the adult heart represents Septum __________.
The floor of the fossa ovalis in the adult heart represents Septum __________.
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Which bone is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?
Which bone is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?
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Match the following brain areas with their functions:
Match the following brain areas with their functions:
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Where do the optic radiations pass through in the internal capsule?
Where do the optic radiations pass through in the internal capsule?
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Where do the corticospinal fibers pass through in the internal capsule?
Where do the corticospinal fibers pass through in the internal capsule?
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Spermatogenesis occurs in the Seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the Seminiferous tubules.
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What is the structure that unites the ducts of seminal vesicle and ductus deferens in the male reproductive system?
What is the structure that unites the ducts of seminal vesicle and ductus deferens in the male reproductive system?
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Match the following germ cell event in Oogenesis with their respective time period:
Match the following germ cell event in Oogenesis with their respective time period:
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Which structure forms Passavant's ridge?
Which structure forms Passavant's ridge?
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What is the first vessel to disappear amongst umbilical cord vessels?
What is the first vessel to disappear amongst umbilical cord vessels?
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The mandibular nerve passes through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
The mandibular nerve passes through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
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The blood supply of the prostate is from the ________ artery.
The blood supply of the prostate is from the ________ artery.
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Match the following muscle with its nerve supply:
Match the following muscle with its nerve supply:
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What is the concentration of oxygen provided by mouth-to-mouth respiration?
What is the concentration of oxygen provided by mouth-to-mouth respiration?
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What is the pacemaker for the start of rhythmic respiration?
What is the pacemaker for the start of rhythmic respiration?
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In asthmatic individuals, is there an increased Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) and Increased Residual Volume?
In asthmatic individuals, is there an increased Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) and Increased Residual Volume?
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Nitrogen narcosis is caused due to increased solubility of nitrogen in _____ cell membrane.
Nitrogen narcosis is caused due to increased solubility of nitrogen in _____ cell membrane.
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Match the neurotransmitter with its function:
Match the neurotransmitter with its function:
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How many amino acids differentiates human insulin from beef insulin?
How many amino acids differentiates human insulin from beef insulin?
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What is the maximum amount of protein normally excreted in urine per day?
What is the maximum amount of protein normally excreted in urine per day?
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Insulin causes Lipolysis.
Insulin causes Lipolysis.
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What is TmG in relation to glucose?
What is TmG in relation to glucose?
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Insulin crosses the placenta.
Insulin crosses the placenta.
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HbA1c level in blood explains the short term status of blood sugar. Is this statement true or false?
HbA1c level in blood explains the short term status of blood sugar. Is this statement true or false?
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Transport maximum (Tm) refers to minimum reabsorption and secretion.
Transport maximum (Tm) refers to minimum reabsorption and secretion.
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Vanillylmandelic acid is the principal metabolite in norepinephrine metabolism excreted in ____.
Vanillylmandelic acid is the principal metabolite in norepinephrine metabolism excreted in ____.
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What percentage of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
What percentage of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
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Where are androgens produced in the adrenal gland?
Where are androgens produced in the adrenal gland?
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Where is potassium maximally absorbed?
Where is potassium maximally absorbed?
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From which part of the kidney does over half of the potassium, after ingestion of potassium salts, that appears in the urine come from?
From which part of the kidney does over half of the potassium, after ingestion of potassium salts, that appears in the urine come from?
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Study Notes
Prefaces
- 8th Edition: Presented after considering continuous suggestions and input from FMGE students, incorporating miscellaneous points and images essential for Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGE) exam.
- 1st Edition: Designed for quick revision of 19 subjects in a short period, emphasizing crucial points for the Foreign Medical Graduate Entrance Exam.
Acknowledgements
- Team MIST acknowledges the efforts of students, renowned authors, and publishers in creating this concise book for MCI Entrance Examination.
Senior's Advice Before Exams
- Sleep well before the exam; establish a schedule to be alert at exam time.
- Read jokes before sleep to get a good sleep.
- On the exam day, get ready on time, dress comfortably, and stay relaxed.
- Carry essential items like photo identity card, admit card, stationery, and a wristwatch.
- Stay calm during the exam, and avoid discussing questions with others.
Do and Don'ts for FMGE Students
- Every single day is important; do not waste time thinking the exam is far.
- Create a study plan and divide your study hours smartly.
- Solve at least 40-50 MCQs every day.
- Study notes before attempting questions; avoid consulting multiple books.
Why MIST is the Best for FMGE
- MIST provides an easy way out for FMGE students.
- MIST is dedicated exclusively to Foreign Medical Graduates.
- Benefits include best classroom teaching, infrastructure, and study environment.
- Teachers have many years of MCI coaching experience.
- MIST's All-in-One book covers essential details for the MCI Exam.
Current Examination Pattern
- FMGE Licensing Screening Exam consists of 300 questions with 1 mark each.
- The exam has two parts: Paper I and II, each with 150 questions.
- Each paper has a duration of 150 minutes.
- A break of approximately two hours is provided between the two papers.
- The exam is conducted in June and December every year.
General Abbreviations
- Listed abbreviations cover a range of medical terms, from anatomy to medicine.
- Examples include ABC (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation) and ECG (Electrocardiogram).
MIST Classrooms and Library in India and Outside India
- MIST has classrooms in India and outside India.
- MIST provides a library and computer lab facility for students.### Anatomy
Head and Neck
- Tongue:
- All muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except the palatoglossus, which is supplied by the cranial part of the accessory nerve via the pharyngeal plexus.
- The sensory nerve supply of the tongue is:
- Anterior 2/3: lingual nerve (general sensation) and chorda tympani (taste sensation)
- Posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal nerve (general sensation and taste sensation)
- Posterior most: internal laryngeal nerve (general sensation) and vagus nerve (taste sensation)
- Circumvallate papillae are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
- Pharynx and Larynx:
- All muscles of the pharynx are supplied by the cranial root of the accessory nerve, except the stylopharyngeus, which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
- All muscles of the palate are supplied by the cranial root of the accessory nerve, except the tensor veli palatini, which is supplied by the mandibular nerve.
- The safety muscle of the larynx is the posterior cricoarytenoid, which is the only abductor of the vocal cords.
- All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, except the cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.
- Branches of the External Carotid Artery:
- 8 branches: ascending pharyngeal, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, maxillary, superficial temporal, and posterior auricular arteries.
Thorax
- Heart:
- The SA node, AV node, and AV bundle are supplied by the right coronary artery.
- Structures opening into the right atrium: superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
- The right border of the heart is formed by the SIR: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right atrium.
- Right coronary dominance means the origin of the posterior interventricular artery from the right coronary artery.
- Lower border of the lung: 6th rib (midclavicular line), 8th rib (midaxillary line), and 10th rib (posteriorly).
- The inferior surface of the heart is formed by both ventricles, while the base is formed by both atria.
- The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle.
- The ligamentum arteriosum is derived from the ductus arteriosus.
- Normal fluid level in the pericardial cavity: 50 ml.
- Lungs:
- The lower end of the scapula corresponds to T7.
- The esophagus lies in the posterior mediastinum.
- Bifurcation of the trachea: T6 (T4-Cadeveric bifurcation).
- Sternal angle: 2nd rib.
Abdomen
- Abdominal Aorta:
- Extends from T12 to L4.
- Ventral branches: coeliac trunk (T12), superior mesenteric artery (L1), and inferior mesenteric artery (L3).
- Lateral branches: inferior phrenic artery, middle supra-renal artery, and renal artery (L2).
- Posterior branches: four pairs of lumbar arteries and one median sacral artery.
- Terminal branches: right and left common iliac arteries.
- Celiac Trunk:
- Branches: left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery.
- Supra-renal Gland:
- Right adrenal gland: pyramidal shape.
- Left adrenal gland: semilunar shape.
- Arterial supply: superior supra-renal artery (inferior phrenic artery), middle supra-renal artery (abdominal aorta), and inferior supra-renal artery (renal artery).
- Venous drainage: right supra-renal vein (inferior vena cava) and left supra-renal vein (left renal vein).
Upper Limb
- Nerves related to the Humerus:
- Axillary nerve: posterior aspect of the surgical neck.
- Radial nerve: radial groove/spiral groove.
- Ulnar nerve: posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle.
- Brachial Plexus:
- Formed by ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1.
- Parts: roots, trunks, divisions, and cords.
- Location: roots and trunks in the neck, divisions behind the clavicle, and cords in the axilla.
Lower Limb
- Lower End of Femur:
- Ossification: end of 9th month of intrauterine life.
- Patella:
- Largest sesamoid bone.
- Found in the tendon of quadriceps femoris.
- Fibula:
- Common peroneal nerve is at the neck of the fibula.
- Femoral Sheath:
- Three compartments: lateral/arterial, intermediate/venous, and medial/lymphatic.
Brain
- Cavities:
- Ventricles: 4 (two lateral, third, and fourth).
- Cerebral hemisphere: lateral ventricle.
- Diencephalon: third ventricle.
- Hindbrain: fourth ventricle.
- Lesion in the internal capsule: hemiplegia on the opposite side of the body.
- Visual area/Brodman's area: 17, 18, 19.
- Speech area/Broca's: 44, 45.
- Wernicke's area: 22, 39, and 40.
- Middle meningeal artery: arises from the maxillary artery.
- CSF: obtained from the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
- Spinal cord: ends at the lower end of L1 (L3 in neonates).
Embryology
- Oogenesis:
- Polar bodies are found in the process of oogenesis.
- Development of ova: from oogonia to ova.
- Storage of ova: Graafian follicle.
- Fertilization: formation of zygote.
- Spermatogenesis:
- Development of spermatozoa from spermatogonia.
- Duration: 72-74 days.
- Site: seminiferous tubules.
- Temperature required: 2°C lower than the core body temperature.
- Four stages: primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, and spermatozoa.
- Storage of spermatozoa: epididymis.
- Motility of sperm: epididymis.
Note: These notes cover a wide range of topics in anatomy, embryology, and physiology. It's essential to review and practice recalling these facts to reinforce your understanding of the subjects.### Endodermal Pouch Derivatives
- 1st pouch: Ventral - Tongue, Dorsal - Tubotympanic recess
- 2nd pouch: Ventral - Tonsil, Dorsal - Tubotympanic recess
- 3rd pouch: Thymus and Inferior Parathyroid Gland
- 4th pouch: Superior Parathyroid Gland
- 5th pouch: Ultimobranchial body (Para follicular C cells of thyroid)
Derivatives of Neural Crest Cells
- Pia mater and Arachnoid mater
- Glial cells
- Parasympathetic ganglia of GIT
- Adrenal Medulla
- Odontoblast, Dermis in face and neck
- Neurons of Sensory ganglia of 5,7,8,9,10th cranial nerve, Sensory (Dorsal/Posterior) spinal root ganglia, Sympathetic chain ganglia
- Chromaffin tissue/C cells of Thyroid, conotruncal septum of heart
- Schwann cells
- Melanoblast, Mesenchyme of Dental Papilla
Development of Tongue
- Anterior 2/3rd derived from 1st pharyngeal arch
- Posterior 1/3rd derived from Central part of pouch hypobranchial eminence (Copula), from 2nd, 3rd, and 4th part of 4th pharyngeal pouch
- Sensory supply:
- Lingual branch of mandibular nerve
- Special sensation of taste by Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
Embryonal Structures
- Genital ridge: Ovary (female), Testis (male)
- Genital swelling: Labia majora (female), Scrotum (male)
- Genital fold: Labia minora (female), Ventral aspects of penis and penile urethra (male)
- Genital tubercle: Clitoris (female), Glans penis (male)
- Sex cords: Granulosa cells (female), Sertoli cells (male)
Epithelial Types
- Simple squamous epithelium: Alveoli of lung, Mesothelium, Endocardium, Endothelium, Loop of henle
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: Skin
- Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: Mouth, tongue, tonsil, pharynx, oesophagus, Cornea, Vagina
- Columnar epithelium with brush border: Gall bladder
- Ciliated columnar epithelium: Uterus and fallopian tube, Efferent ductile of testis, Central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
- Cuboidal epithelium: Duct of glands, Eye, Follicles of thyroid gland, Germinal epithilium
- Transitional epithelium: Renal pelvis, calyces, ureter
Miscellaneous Points
- Tail of Pancreas associated with Lienorenal ligament
- Vasa brevia related to short gastric arteries originating from the Splenic artery
- Wernickes’s area and Broca’s area joined by Arcuate fasciculus
- Accessory muscle of mastication is Digastric
- Structure arching over the hilum of right Lung – Azygos vein
- Eversion of foot is caused by – Peroneus longus
- Parotid gland lymphatics drain into – Preauricular lymph node
- Lower lip supplied by branch of – Mandibular nerve
- Biceps brachii muscle inserted into – Radial tuberosity
- Axis of Fetal midgut rotation is around – Superior mesenteric artery and is Anticlockwise 270 degree
- And many more...
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