Publisher's Information

Prefaces

• 8th Edition: Presented after considering continuous suggestions and input from FMGE students, incorporating miscellaneous points and images essential for Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGE) exam.
• 1st Edition: Designed for quick revision of 19 subjects in a short period, emphasizing crucial points for the Foreign Medical Graduate Entrance Exam.

Acknowledgements

• Team MIST acknowledges the efforts of students, renowned authors, and publishers in creating this concise book for MCI Entrance Examination.

Senior's Advice Before Exams

• Sleep well before the exam; establish a schedule to be alert at exam time.
• Read jokes before sleep to get a good sleep.
• On the exam day, get ready on time, dress comfortably, and stay relaxed.
• Carry essential items like photo identity card, admit card, stationery, and a wristwatch.
• Stay calm during the exam, and avoid discussing questions with others.

Do and Don'ts for FMGE Students

• Every single day is important; do not waste time thinking the exam is far.
• Create a study plan and divide your study hours smartly.
• Solve at least 40-50 MCQs every day.
• Study notes before attempting questions; avoid consulting multiple books.

Why MIST is the Best for FMGE

• MIST provides an easy way out for FMGE students.
• MIST is dedicated exclusively to Foreign Medical Graduates.
• Benefits include best classroom teaching, infrastructure, and study environment.
• Teachers have many years of MCI coaching experience.
• MIST's All-in-One book covers essential details for the MCI Exam.

Current Examination Pattern

• FMGE Licensing Screening Exam consists of 300 questions with 1 mark each.
• The exam has two parts: Paper I and II, each with 150 questions.
• Each paper has a duration of 150 minutes.
• A break of approximately two hours is provided between the two papers.
• The exam is conducted in June and December every year.

General Abbreviations

• Listed abbreviations cover a range of medical terms, from anatomy to medicine.
• Examples include ABC (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation) and ECG (Electrocardiogram).

MIST Classrooms and Library in India and Outside India

• MIST has classrooms in India and outside India.
• MIST provides a library and computer lab facility for students.### Anatomy

Head and Neck

• Tongue:
  • All muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except the palatoglossus, which is supplied by the cranial part of the accessory nerve via the pharyngeal plexus.
  • The sensory nerve supply of the tongue is:
    • Anterior 2/3: lingual nerve (general sensation) and chorda tympani (taste sensation)
    • Posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal nerve (general sensation and taste sensation)
    • Posterior most: internal laryngeal nerve (general sensation) and vagus nerve (taste sensation)
  • Circumvallate papillae are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
• Pharynx and Larynx:
  • All muscles of the pharynx are supplied by the cranial root of the accessory nerve, except the stylopharyngeus, which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
  • All muscles of the palate are supplied by the cranial root of the accessory nerve, except the tensor veli palatini, which is supplied by the mandibular nerve.
  • The safety muscle of the larynx is the posterior cricoarytenoid, which is the only abductor of the vocal cords.
  • All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, except the cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.
• Branches of the External Carotid Artery:
  • 8 branches: ascending pharyngeal, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, maxillary, superficial temporal, and posterior auricular arteries.

Thorax

• Heart:
  • The SA node, AV node, and AV bundle are supplied by the right coronary artery.
  • Structures opening into the right atrium: superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
  • The right border of the heart is formed by the SIR: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right atrium.
  • Right coronary dominance means the origin of the posterior interventricular artery from the right coronary artery.
  • Lower border of the lung: 6th rib (midclavicular line), 8th rib (midaxillary line), and 10th rib (posteriorly).
  • The inferior surface of the heart is formed by both ventricles, while the base is formed by both atria.
  • The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle.
  • The ligamentum arteriosum is derived from the ductus arteriosus.
  • Normal fluid level in the pericardial cavity: 50 ml.
• Lungs:
  • The lower end of the scapula corresponds to T7.
  • The esophagus lies in the posterior mediastinum.
  • Bifurcation of the trachea: T6 (T4-Cadeveric bifurcation).
  • Sternal angle: 2nd rib.

Abdomen

• Abdominal Aorta:
  • Extends from T12 to L4.
  • Ventral branches: coeliac trunk (T12), superior mesenteric artery (L1), and inferior mesenteric artery (L3).
  • Lateral branches: inferior phrenic artery, middle supra-renal artery, and renal artery (L2).
  • Posterior branches: four pairs of lumbar arteries and one median sacral artery.
  • Terminal branches: right and left common iliac arteries.
• Celiac Trunk:
  • Branches: left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery.
• Supra-renal Gland:
  • Right adrenal gland: pyramidal shape.
  • Left adrenal gland: semilunar shape.
  • Arterial supply: superior supra-renal artery (inferior phrenic artery), middle supra-renal artery (abdominal aorta), and inferior supra-renal artery (renal artery).
  • Venous drainage: right supra-renal vein (inferior vena cava) and left supra-renal vein (left renal vein).

Upper Limb

• Nerves related to the Humerus:
  • Axillary nerve: posterior aspect of the surgical neck.
  • Radial nerve: radial groove/spiral groove.
  • Ulnar nerve: posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle.
• Brachial Plexus:
  • Formed by ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1.
  • Parts: roots, trunks, divisions, and cords.
  • Location: roots and trunks in the neck, divisions behind the clavicle, and cords in the axilla.

Lower Limb

• Lower End of Femur:
  • Ossification: end of 9th month of intrauterine life.
• Patella:
  • Largest sesamoid bone.
  • Found in the tendon of quadriceps femoris.
• Fibula:
  • Common peroneal nerve is at the neck of the fibula.
• Femoral Sheath:
  • Three compartments: lateral/arterial, intermediate/venous, and medial/lymphatic.

Brain

• Cavities:
  • Ventricles: 4 (two lateral, third, and fourth).
  • Cerebral hemisphere: lateral ventricle.
  • Diencephalon: third ventricle.
  • Hindbrain: fourth ventricle.
• Lesion in the internal capsule: hemiplegia on the opposite side of the body.
• Visual area/Brodman's area: 17, 18, 19.
• Speech area/Broca's: 44, 45.
• Wernicke's area: 22, 39, and 40.
• Middle meningeal artery: arises from the maxillary artery.
• CSF: obtained from the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
• Spinal cord: ends at the lower end of L1 (L3 in neonates).

Embryology

• Oogenesis:
  • Polar bodies are found in the process of oogenesis.
  • Development of ova: from oogonia to ova.
  • Storage of ova: Graafian follicle.
  • Fertilization: formation of zygote.
• Spermatogenesis:
  • Development of spermatozoa from spermatogonia.
  • Duration: 72-74 days.
  • Site: seminiferous tubules.
  • Temperature required: 2°C lower than the core body temperature.
  • Four stages: primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids, and spermatozoa.
  • Storage of spermatozoa: epididymis.
  • Motility of sperm: epididymis.

Note: These notes cover a wide range of topics in anatomy, embryology, and physiology. It's essential to review and practice recalling these facts to reinforce your understanding of the subjects.### Endodermal Pouch Derivatives

• 1st pouch: Ventral - Tongue, Dorsal - Tubotympanic recess
• 2nd pouch: Ventral - Tonsil, Dorsal - Tubotympanic recess
• 3rd pouch: Thymus and Inferior Parathyroid Gland
• 4th pouch: Superior Parathyroid Gland
• 5th pouch: Ultimobranchial body (Para follicular C cells of thyroid)

Derivatives of Neural Crest Cells

• Pia mater and Arachnoid mater
• Glial cells
• Parasympathetic ganglia of GIT
• Adrenal Medulla
• Odontoblast, Dermis in face and neck
• Neurons of Sensory ganglia of 5,7,8,9,10th cranial nerve, Sensory (Dorsal/Posterior) spinal root ganglia, Sympathetic chain ganglia
• Chromaffin tissue/C cells of Thyroid, conotruncal septum of heart
• Schwann cells
• Melanoblast, Mesenchyme of Dental Papilla

Development of Tongue

• Anterior 2/3rd derived from 1st pharyngeal arch
• Posterior 1/3rd derived from Central part of pouch hypobranchial eminence (Copula), from 2nd, 3rd, and 4th part of 4th pharyngeal pouch
• Sensory supply:
  • Lingual branch of mandibular nerve
  • Special sensation of taste by Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve

Embryonal Structures

• Genital ridge: Ovary (female), Testis (male)
• Genital swelling: Labia majora (female), Scrotum (male)
• Genital fold: Labia minora (female), Ventral aspects of penis and penile urethra (male)
• Genital tubercle: Clitoris (female), Glans penis (male)
• Sex cords: Granulosa cells (female), Sertoli cells (male)

Epithelial Types

• Simple squamous epithelium: Alveoli of lung, Mesothelium, Endocardium, Endothelium, Loop of henle
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: Skin
• Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: Mouth, tongue, tonsil, pharynx, oesophagus, Cornea, Vagina
• Columnar epithelium with brush border: Gall bladder
• Ciliated columnar epithelium: Uterus and fallopian tube, Efferent ductile of testis, Central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
• Cuboidal epithelium: Duct of glands, Eye, Follicles of thyroid gland, Germinal epithilium
• Transitional epithelium: Renal pelvis, calyces, ureter

Miscellaneous Points

• Tail of Pancreas associated with Lienorenal ligament
• Vasa brevia related to short gastric arteries originating from the Splenic artery
• Wernickes’s area and Broca’s area joined by Arcuate fasciculus
• Accessory muscle of mastication is Digastric
• Structure arching over the hilum of right Lung – Azygos vein
• Eversion of foot is caused by – Peroneus longus
• Parotid gland lymphatics drain into – Preauricular lymph node
• Lower lip supplied by branch of – Mandibular nerve
• Biceps brachii muscle inserted into – Radial tuberosity
• Axis of Fetal midgut rotation is around – Superior mesenteric artery and is Anticlockwise 270 degree
• And many more...