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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the state regarding natural resources according to the public trust doctrine?

  • To privatize natural resources for economic growth
  • To facilitate international trade of resources
  • To act as a guardian and protect natural resources (correct)
  • To limit public access to natural resources

In which landmark case was the public trust doctrine applied for the first time in India?

  • Indian Farmers' Association v.
  • M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (correct)
  • Civic Society v. State of India
  • Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v.

What challenge does the judiciary face concerning industrialization and environmental preservation?

  • Facilitating foreign investments without restrictions
  • Promoting only economic interests over all other factors
  • Balancing industrial growth with social media influence
  • Harmonizing industrialization with environmental protection (correct)

According to the judiciary, what could be the adverse effects of halting industrial production?

<p>Rise in unemployment and poverty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which resources are emphasized under the public trust doctrine as being unjust to privatize?

<p>Air, sea waters, and forests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of sustainable development as identified by the judiciary?

<p>Pollution should stay within the environment's sustainable capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the public trust doctrine primarily assert about certain natural resources?

<p>They are vital for public well-being and should remain common property. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the conflict between industrialization and environmental preservation suggest?

<p>A balance must be achieved to ensure both can coexist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sustainable development aim to achieve?

<p>Fulfill the needs of present generation without compromising future needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle indicates that the polluter must compensate for environmental damage?

<p>Polluter Pays Principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of M.C.Mehta v. Union of India, what was significant about the case?

<p>It clarified the liability of industries in hazardous activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the precautionary principle imply when there is potential risk to public and environment?

<p>The burden of proof lies on those taking the action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the precautionary principle?

<p>There is a duty to protect the public from harm when risks are identified (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical context led to the evolution of the Polluter Pays Principle?

<p>Europe facing unprecedented pollution issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which court case was the precautionary doctrine accepted as part of environmental law?

<p>Vijayanagar Education Trust v. Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does sustainable development balance according to the Supreme Court's opinion?

<p>Development and ecological sustainability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Public Trust Doctrine

  • Indian legal system incorporates the public trust doctrine as part of common law.
  • The state acts as a guardian of natural resources, ensuring they remain publicly accessible and not privatized.
  • Legal obligation exists for the state to protect natural resources for public enjoyment.
  • The Supreme Court first applied this doctrine in M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, addressing an environmental issue.
  • Resources such as air, sea, and forests are deemed too vital for public use to be privately owned.

Doctrine of Sustainable Development

  • Environmental pollution and degradation pose serious challenges today.
  • Judiciary plays a crucial role in addressing environmental issues while considering industrial progress and economic stability.
  • Conflicts arise between industrialization and environmental preservation, necessitating judicial intervention for balance.
  • Stopping industrial production may lead to unemployment and poverty, adversely affecting social conditions.
  • The Supreme Court, in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, emphasized sustainable development as the solution.
  • Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.

Polluter Pays Principle

  • Industrial development brings the challenge of compensating pollution victims.
  • The principle that "polluter must pay" originated in Europe amidst rising pollution concerns.
  • In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, a factory's hazardous activities highlighted industries' liability for damages caused by pollution.
  • The case established a general liability principle for hazardous and dangerous industrial activities.

Precautionary Principle

  • The precautionary principle aims to mitigate risks that may harm public and environmental safety.
  • When risks are known, the burden of proof lies with those undertaking potentially harmful actions.
  • Responsibility exists to protect the public from harm when scientific evidence suggests risks are present.
  • In Vijayanagar Education Trust v. Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, the Karnataka High Court recognized the precautionary principle as part of legal doctrine.
  • Protections can be lessened if individuals can prove with evidence that their actions are non-harmful.

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