Public Speaking Fundamentals

• Humans use formalized language systems to communicate, setting us apart from other species.
• Effective communication has been mastered by successful individuals over centuries.
• Public speaking is formally taught due to its importance.
• Public speaking is ironically disliked by many, even though it's recognized as an important skill.
• Effective presentations can be learned by anyone, regardless of being a "Hollywood star" or using "fancy words."
• Key to success is audience understanding and retention.
• Techniques can be used to create speeches and presentations.

Chapter Objectives

• Public Speaking: important for at least three reasons

• Describe the difference between linear and transactional communication models

• List, define, and provide an example of communication components

• Differentiate between major speech types

• Identify the eleven core public speaking competencies

• Apply chapter concepts in final questions and activities

• The chapter introduces basic communication and public speaking concepts.

• It describes personal, professional, and public benefits of improved public speaking skills.

• It introduces and explains the transactional model of communication along with its fundamental components.

• It discusses diverse speech types and occasions.

• It provides an overview of eleven primary public speaking competencies.

Benefits of Public Speaking

• Public Speaking is an important skill for a globally engaged and innovative democracy and economy.

• Communication skills are crucial for intellectual development, career, and civic engagement.

• Public speaking is applicable to all majors and occupations.

• It is seen as a critical employability skill by U.S. employers.

• Public Speaking can fulfill essential roles in our family and community.

• It builds self-confidence.

• Action builds confidence while inaction causes fear.

• Professional speakers: TV announcers, teachers and lawyers.

• Public speaking benefits most professions.

• 70% of jobs involve public speaking.

• Communication ability is crucial in the service economy.

• Top CEOs should communicate effectively

• Skills: persuasion, building support, negotiation, and public speaking

• Effective speaking skills make individuals more attractive to employers.

• Enhance chances of securing employment and career advancement.

• Employers and career counselors want good communication skills

• Employers seek those who can communicate effectively.

• Articulating thoughts clearly and concisely will make a difference in job performance.

• Participation in democracy is gained at the most basic level through public speaking.

• Public speaking creates and sustains an informed society.

• It helps careful listening and critical evaluation of others' speeches.

• Understanding public dilemmas, forming opinions, and participating is aided by public speaking

Communication Models

• Clear that public speaking happens all around us
• Look at the key components of the communication process is important

Linear Model of Communication

• Proposed in 1949 by Shannon and Weaver for Bell Laboratories
• Adapted to television transmissions
• Adapted to human communications
• Now known as the linear model of communication
• First part: Sender who is a speaking person
• Second part: Channel that is the apparatus for carrying the message -I.e. T.V. or a phone
• Third part: the receiver of who picks up the message receiver
• Communication is viewed as: a one-way process of transmitting messages

Transactional Model of Communication.

• Communication models have changed
• Significantly since Shannon and Weaver
• One of the most useful models is Barnlund's (2008) transactional model of communication.
• Ongoing circular process with constant communication
• Constant effect with communication
• Interdependent processes with components
• Encoding and decoding process'
• The model of communication, the message, the channel and the noise
• Not directly addressed participants' worldviews
• An important role in the communication process/context

Encoding and Decoding

• Encoding: taking mental images and associating with words, then speaking to convey a message
• Decoding: Words being listened to, thought about and turn into mental images

Communicator

• Refers to all involved in the speech setting
• Used in a speech setting
• Used in a speech setting
• Used instead of sender and receiver because of simultaneous communication
• Non-verbal behaviors gauge if we are understood
• Information from observation is "feedback"
• Paralinguistic cues: pitch, time, volume and fillers over the phone

Message

• Message: verbal and non-verbal behaviours with meaning enacted by communicators
• Verbal part of the message refers to the words spoken
• Non-verbal: tone of voice, appearance, posture, body movements, eye behaviour and smell Conflict example: The no, I'm not angry when pulling eye brows
• Communication can be intentional or unintentional
• Intentional means successfully conveyed to the other's mind with relative accuracy
• An unintentional message is meant to convey the message with the same image

Channel

• The message travels through the channel
• Face to face communication with all senses as the channel
• The channel is the seeing, hearing, touch, smell and taste
• Online: channel is the computer Texting: channel is the phone
• Watching television: cable is the television
• The channel makes a profound impact

Noise

• Interference that results from differences in people's worldview
• Noise is the term for anything that interferes with message transmission
• Can be various different types
• Physiological: Bodily process and states interfere i.e. fatigue or illness
• Psychological: Mental or emotional state interference
• Physical: Actual audible level in the room
• Cultural Noise: Message interference from worldview differences

Worldview

• Most people don't give a lot of thought to the communication process but they are operating on auto pilot

• Encoding/Decoding processes appear straightforward

• A very complex situation

• We all have different worldviews

• Worldview: Framework that sees, thinks, interprets and interacts with the world

• Has 5 core components

• Epistemology; Aquiring knowledge or what counts

• Ontology is the belief system of true or false

• Axiology: Value system of good or bad

• Cosmology: How relationships are seen with the universe, i.e. religious or spiritual beliefs

• Prazeology: Preffered method of achieving every-day tasks

Context

• Last element of the communication process
• The setting where communication occurred
• Setting rules of communicatiion (the norms)
• The context affects the communications
• Expanded context with all types of relationships we have within
• So you do not speak to your best friend like you do a police officer

Types of Speeches and Speaking Occasions

• Three general purposes exist for speaking in public
• General purpose usually from the speech
• First general purpose is to inform your audience with a speech Explain about an object by describing or explaining
• Secondly, to present a speech to persuade
• The presenter will change or reinforce audience feeling or beliefs
• Thirdly, to commemorate or entertain with the intention to strengthen bonds or amused with humour

Speaking Competencies

• It is assumed the reader wants to improve their skills
• The final chapter is devoted to eleven speaking comtetencies
• Considered the "standard"
• Based on the public speaking Rubic
• Complete copy is found via a link
• Useful topic with an introduction
• Clear organization and a strong closure
• Well supported ideas and vivid language
• Suitable expression, non-verbal adaptations
• Visual Aids, convincing presuasion and adaptions

Conclusion

• The competencies just listed is in depth for one of many chapters
• Competencies that will develop the skills
• A new way in presenting and or improving
• Remember the best way is to prepare and practice
• It is important to find value which are personal and for the public