Public Health Overview and Causes of Death
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of death in the U.S.?

  • Diabetes
  • Heart Disease (correct)
  • Stroke
  • Suicide

    • Public health primarily emphasizes which of the following?

  • Curative medical care
  • Prevention issues (correct)
  • Foundation support
  • Environmental health

    • Which of these is NOT categorized as a health indicator?

  • Spending on healthcare
  • Infant and maternal mortality
  • Income (correct)
  • Life expectancy

    • The term 'long-term care' (LTC) refers to healthcare services lasting how long?

    <p>More than 90 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines medical technology in health care?

    <p>Therapeutic and diagnostic equipment used by professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a specific time period?

    <p>Incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of justice and fairness in healthcare systems, which country does not meet the criteria?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a comprehensive health care delivery system?

    <p>Health Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has a single-payer healthcare system?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about suicide is accurate?

    <p>The highest rates occur in white men over 85</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)?

    <p>National Heart Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicaid is best described as:

    <p>A state and federal program for low-income individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of capitation in healthcare payment models?

    <p>Fixed payment per patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes autonomy in healthcare ethics?

    <p>Allowing patients to make their own decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of managed care organizations?

    <p>Implementing preventive care and negotiating rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)?

    <p>Limiting benefits for children whose families earn too much for Medicaid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do third-party payers affect healthcare costs?

    <p>They lower patient out-of-pocket costs while reducing provider reimbursement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between HMOs and PPOs?

    <p>HMOs require referrals; PPOs do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately compares fee-for-service to value-based care models?

    <p>Fee-for-service pays based on the number of services delivered, while value-based care focuses on outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Medicare eligibility differ from Medicaid eligibility?

    <p>Medicare is for seniors and individuals with certain disabilities, while Medicaid is for low-income individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Medicare Part D?

    <p>It provides prescription drug coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Medicaid and Medicare differ in their long-term care coverage?

    <p>Medicare provides short-term rehabilitation, while Medicaid covers more comprehensive long-term care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)?

    <p>It provides health coverage for children in families that earn too much for Medicaid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Affordable Care Act (ACA) influence Medicaid?

    <p>It allows states to expand Medicaid to cover more low-income individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change has occurred regarding the role of nurse practitioners in the healthcare landscape?

    <p>They have more autonomy and can provide primary care without physician oversight in some states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What administrative challenges do physicians commonly experience?

    <p>Significant paperwork, insurance processing, and compliance requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does physician shortage have on rural healthcare?

    <p>Limited access to care, longer wait times, and increased reliance on nurse practitioners and telemedicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ‘scope of practice’ regulations for nurses?

    <p>They define the tasks that nurses are legally allowed to perform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefits are associated with team-based care models in healthcare?

    <p>They create collaborative environments leading to comprehensive care and reduced errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do allied health professionals serve in the healthcare system?

    <p>They provide essential diagnostic, therapeutic, and support services, complementing physician care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have pharmacists' responsibilities expanded in modern healthcare?

    <p>They now provide medication counseling, administer vaccines, and help manage chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do health information managers contribute to healthcare delivery?

    <p>They ensure accurate patient records and effective use of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What support do medical social workers provide to patients?

    <p>They help patients navigate the healthcare system and assist with care transitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do non-clinical health providers face with new healthcare technologies?

    <p>They must adapt to rapidly changing technologies like electronic health records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a significant determinant of health but is not classified as a health indicator?

    <p>Income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the focus of the community mental health era in public health?

    <p>Addressing mental illness through community integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of medical technology in modern healthcare?

    <p>Various devices used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of healthcare delivery, how does long-term care (LTC) differ from acute care?

    <p>LTC is usually less costly than acute care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which healthcare system type is characterized by both being a business and a delivery system?

    <p>Health care services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between incidence and prevalence in public health studies?

    <p>Incidence is concerned with new cases over time, while prevalence estimates total cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era in public health primarily emphasized scientific methods and disease prevention?

    <p>Mental hygiene era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of curative research within healthcare?

    <p>Structured to eliminate diseases once they occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries does not meet the ideals of justice and fairness in its healthcare system?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health system characteristic is typically associated with historical healthcare systems?

    <p>Operating under principles of community-based care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country exemplifies a single-payer healthcare system?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of state care acts in mental health?

    <p>To centralize care in one or two large facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of attempts to commit suicide typically results in death?

    <p>50 in 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT classified as a center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)?

    <p>National Heart Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic does NOT apply to single-payer health systems?

    <p>The U.S. operates under such a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant capability of nurse practitioners in the current healthcare environment?

    <p>They possess authority to prescribe medication and diagnose conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of drug testing focuses on evaluating the drug's efficacy?

    <p>Phase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country does NOT implement a form of single-payer healthcare?

    <p>Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT accurate regarding women’s health assessments?

    <p>30% of women over 18 have a pap smear every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Medicaid primarily differ from Medicare?

    <p>Medicaid is for low-income individuals, while Medicare covers seniors and those with disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) concerning Medicaid?

    <p>It provides financial incentives for states to broaden Medicaid coverage for low-income individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what regards have nurse practitioners experienced changes in their practice autonomy?

    <p>They can provide primary care without supervision in several states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do medical social workers primarily assist patients in the healthcare system?

    <p>They help patients navigate healthcare systems and provide emotional support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental challenge faced by non-clinical health providers when adapting to new technologies?

    <p>They must comply with evolving regulatory requirements while managing data privacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of health information managers in healthcare delivery?

    <p>To ensure the effective use of patient data and compliance with regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the impact of physician shortages in rural healthcare?

    <p>It results in limited access to care and longer wait times for patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do physicians encounter related to administrative duties in the current healthcare system?

    <p>Heavy administrative workload often detracts from time spent with patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute best characterizes the role of allied health professionals in the healthcare system?

    <p>They provide supportive services, complementing the care provided by physicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant change regarding the scope of practice regulations for nurses?

    <p>They enable more comprehensive care by allowing nurses to take on broader responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Medicare Part D specifically aid beneficiaries?

    <p>It supplies prescription drug coverage to help manage costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the demographic groups that experience the highest rates of suicide?

    <p>Men attempt suicide more frequently than women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes a single-payer healthcare system from other systems?

    <p>A single insurance pool funds all medical expenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health condition is most commonly associated with the highest mortality rate in the U.S.?

    <p>Heart Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of community-based mental health services?

    <p>Patients are treated in their local community settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is prioritized by public health initiatives?

    <p>Preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of healthcare delivery, which characteristic accurately describes HMOs?

    <p>They require a primary care physician's referral for treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research is aimed specifically at eliminating a disease?

    <p>Curative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental difference in coverage between Medicare and Medicaid?

    <p>Medicaid is income-based, covering low-income individuals, while Medicare is for seniors and certain disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options does not represent a typical health indicator?

    <p>Income levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about capitation in healthcare is accurate?

    <p>Providers receive a fixed amount for each enrolled patient regardless of service quantity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The era that prioritized disease prevention through scientific advancements is known as:

    <p>Mental hygiene era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) primarily serve?

    <p>Limited benefits for children whose families exceed Medicaid income thresholds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the distinction between fee-for-service and value-based care?

    <p>Fee-for-service focuses on quantity of care delivered instead of quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best defines long-term care (LTC) in the context of healthcare services?

    <p>Necessary care for chronic conditions exceeding 60 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medical technology primarily encompasses devices that are used for:

    <p>Therapeutic and diagnostic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the mental health state care acts is accurate?

    <p>They provide care primarily through psychiatric hospitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options effectively characterizes the healthcare sector as both a business and a delivery service?

    <p>Health Care Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term used to describe the rate at which new cases of a disease appear in a population is known as:

    <p>Incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is recognized for having the oldest national health care system in the world?

    <p>United Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country does not have a single-payer healthcare system?

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of capitation in healthcare payment models?

    <p>Providers receive a fixed payment per patient regardless of the number of services provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country's healthcare system is frequently referenced as a potential model for reform in the U.S.?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthcare payment models, what distinguishes fee-for-service from capitation?

    <p>Capitation involves fixed payments per patient, while fee-for-service compensates based on the volume of services provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about healthcare funding is accurate?

    <p>Single-payer systems rely predominantly on government funding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of capitation payment models for healthcare providers?

    <p>Incentives to minimize unnecessary procedures and promote patient health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of studying other countries' healthcare systems for U.S. healthcare reform?

    <p>To identify best practices that reduce costs without compromising care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is pivotal when comparing healthcare systems across different countries?

    <p>The cultural attitudes towards healthcare access and personal responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a single-payer system streamline healthcare processes?

    <p>By eliminating the need for multiple billing systems and insurance claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Medicare Part D distinguishes it within the Medicare program?

    <p>It provides prescription drug coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Medicare and Medicaid compare in terms of long-term care coverage?

    <p>Medicaid covers comprehensive long-term care services while Medicare provides short-term rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)?

    <p>It provides health coverage for children in families that earn too much for Medicaid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Affordable Care Act (ACA) influence the expansion of Medicaid?

    <p>It allows states to expand Medicaid coverage to more low-income individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way has the role of nurse practitioners evolved within healthcare?

    <p>They have gained increased autonomy, allowing independent primary care practices in several states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant obstacle do physicians face due to administrative tasks in healthcare?

    <p>Time-consuming paperwork and compliance requirements hinder patient visits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the implications of a physician shortage on rural healthcare delivery?

    <p>Limited access to care leads to longer wait times and a greater reliance on alternative care options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of 'scope of practice' regulations for nursing professionals?

    <p>They define the range of duties that nurses are authorized to perform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantages are associated with team-based care models in healthcare?

    <p>They promote collaboration, enhancing comprehensive care and minimizing errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital role do allied health professionals play in the healthcare system?

    <p>They provide specific diagnostic, therapeutic, and support services that complement physician care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the primary distinction between fee-for-service and value-based care models in healthcare delivery?

    <p>Value-based care prioritizes patient satisfaction and quality of care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core challenge associated with implementing team-based care models in healthcare?

    <p>Communication barriers among team members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scope of practice regulations affect the role of nurse practitioners?

    <p>They restrict the ability of nurse practitioners to act independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant determinant of health is often overlooked in healthcare delivery systems?

    <p>Socioeconomic status of patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable change regarding the role of pharmacists in modern healthcare?

    <p>Pharmacists now play a role in patient education and chronic disease management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leading Causes of Death

    • Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S.

    Public Health

    • Public health focuses on prevention.

    Curative Research

    • Curative research is designed to eliminate diseases.

    Health Indicators

    • Life expectancy and infant and maternal mortality are considered health indicators.
    • Income is not considered a health indicator.

    Eras of Public Health

    • The Mental Hygiene era focused on prevention and a scientific orientation.

    Long-Term Care (LTC)

    • Long-term care is defined as healthcare services provided to an individual for more than 90 days.

    Medical Technology

    • Medical technology refers to therapeutic and diagnostic devices used by healthcare professionals.

    Health Care Delivery

    • Health care is both a business and a delivery system.

    Health Statistics

    • Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or event.

    National Health Systems

    • The United Kingdom has the oldest national health care system.
    • France, Japan, and Great Britain have healthcare systems that meet the test for justice and fairness, but the United States does not.
    • Canada’s healthcare system is a model for U.S. health care reform.

    Mental Health Care

    • The State Care Acts centralized mental health care into one or two state mental hospitals.

    Suicide

    • 90% of suicide victims suffer from substance abuse or depressive disorders.
    • The highest suicide rates occur in white men over 85.

    National Institutes of Health (NIH)

    • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) does not include the National Heart Association.

    Single-Payer System

    • Under a single-payer system, a single insurance pool pays for healthcare costs.
    • This concept finances universal healthcare coverage.
    • The United States does not operate under a single-payer system.

    Nurse Practitioners

    • Nurse practitioners can prescribe medication and diagnose patients.
    • They can practice independently.

    Drug Testing

    • Phase II drug testing determines whether a drug produced the desired effect.

    Single-Payer System (Variations)

    • Australia does not have a variant of the single-payer system.
    • Other countries, such as France, Spain, and Germany, do have variants of the single-payer system.

    Women’s Health

    • 67% of women over 40 have a mammogram every 2 years
    • 85% of women under 65 have insurance
    • 17 states provide poor women with safe abortion procedures.

    Medicaid

    • Medicaid is a state and federal program for low-income individuals.

    Capitation

    • In a capitation healthcare payment model, providers receive a fixed payment per patient.

    Healthcare Ethics

    • Autonomy in healthcare ethics means allowing patients to make their own healthcare decisions .

    Allied Health Professionals

    • Allied health professionals support physicians by providing diagnostic and therapeutic care.

    Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

    • The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provides healthcare for children of families who make too much money for Medicaid.

    HMOs vs. PPOs

    • HMOs require referrals for specialists, while PPOs do not.

    Third-Party Payers

    • Third-party payers decrease out-of-pocket costs for patients, but they reduce provider reimbursement.

    Managed Care Organizations

    • Managed care organizations control healthcare costs by focusing on preventive care and negotiating rates with providers.

    Fee-for-Service vs. Value-Based Care

    • Fee-for-service pays providers for each service delivered, while value-based care focuses on outcomes.

    Medicare vs. Medicaid

    • Medicare is for seniors and people with certain disabilities, while Medicaid is for low-income individuals.

    Medicare Part D

    • Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage.

    Medicare and Medicaid Long-Term Care Coverage

    • Medicare provides short-term rehabilitation services for long-term care, while Medicaid covers more comprehensive long-term care needs.

    Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Medicaid Expansion

    • The Affordable Care Act (ACA) allows states to expand Medicaid to cover more low-income individuals.

    Nurse Practitioner Roles

    • Nurse practitioners have greater autonomy and can provide primary care without physician oversight in some states.

    Physician Challenges in the Healthcare System

    • Physicians face administrative burdens including significant paperwork, insurance processing, and compliance requirements.

    Physician Shortage and Rural Healthcare

    • Physician shortages in rural areas lead to limited access to care, longer wait times, increased reliance on nurse practitioners, and use of telemedicine.

    Scope of Practice Regulations

    • Scope of practice regulations for nurses define the legally allowed for nurses.

    Team-Based Care Models

    • Team-based care models encourage collaboration between healthcare providers, leading to more comprehensive patient care that reduces errors.

    Allied Health Professional Roles

    • Allied health professionals provide essential diagnostic, therapeutic, and support services that complement physician care.

    Pharmacist Roles in Modern Healthcare

    • Pharmacists are now involved in medication counseling, administering vaccines, and managing chronic diseases.

    Health Information Managers Roles

    • Health information managers ensure accurate patient records, compliance with privacy regulations, and effective use of health data.

    Medical Social Workers

    • Medical social workers help patients navigate the healthcare system, provide emotional support, and assist with care transitions.

    Non-Clinical Healthcare Providers Adapting to Technology

    • Non-clinical healthcare providers must adapt to rapidly-changing healthcare technologies, including electronic health records and telehealth platforms, while ensuring data privacy.

    Single-Payer Systems

    • India does not have a single-payer healthcare system.
    • Cuba, Taiwan, and New Zealand have single-payer systems.

    Canada as Healthcare Reform Model

    • Canada’s healthcare system is often seen as a model for U.S. healthcare reform.

    Health Care System - The Basics

    • Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
    • Public health focuses on preventing issues rather than treating them.
    • Curative research aims to eliminate diseases.
    • Health indicators measure factors affecting health, including life expectancy and infant mortality.
    • The Mental Hygiene Era focused on scientific orientation and prevention.
    • Long-term healthcare involves services provided for over 90 days.
    • Medical Technology refers to therapeutic and diagnostic devices used by health professionals.
    • Health care is a business and a delivery system of services.
    • Incidence refers to the number of new disease cases in a specific time period.
    • The United Kingdom has the world's oldest national health care system.
    • The United States does not meet justice and fairness standards in its health care system.
    • Canada's health care system is a model for U.S. health care reform.
    • The State Care Acts centralized mental health care into one or two state hospitals.
    • Suicide is a serious public health issue with high rates among white males over 85.
    • The National Heart Association is not part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
    • A single-payer system provides universal health care coverage with a single payment pool.
    • Nurse practitioners have expanded their role, including prescribing medications and diagnosing patients.
    • Phase II drug testing evaluates the desired effect of a drug.
    • Australia does not have a variant of the single-payer system.
    • The U.S. does not have a single-payer health care system.
    • Women face challenges in accessing health care such as limited access to safe abortion procedures.
    • Medicaid is a joint federal and state program for low-income individuals.
    • Capitation is a fixed payment per patient in healthcare models.
    • Autonomy in healthcare ethics means respecting patients' decisions.
    • Allied health professionals play a crucial role in providing diagnostic and therapeutic care.
    • The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provides health coverage to children in families that earn too much for Medicaid.
    • HMOs require referrals while PPOs do not.
    • Third-party payers reduce out-of-pocket costs for patients but lower reimbursement for providers.
    • Managed care organizations control costs by negotiating rates with providers and promoting preventive care.
    • Fee-for-service pays for services rendered, while value-based care focuses on outcomes.
    • Medicare is for seniors and those with certain disabilities, while Medicaid is for low-income individuals.
    • Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage for seniors.
    • Medicaid covers more comprehensive long-term care than Medicare.
    • The Affordable Care Act (ACA) allows states to expand Medicaid.
    • Nurse Practitioners now have greater autonomy and offer primary care services without physician oversight in some states.
    • Physicians face administrative challenges such as paperwork and compliance requirements.
    • Rural areas often experience physician shortages, leading to limited access to care and longer wait times.
    • Scope of practice regulations define tasks that nurses can legally perform.
    • Team-based care models involve collaboration between professionals and improve patient outcomes.
    • Allied health professionals provide essential diagnostic, therapeutic, and support services.
    • Pharmacists have expanded roles to include medication counselling and collaborating with medical teams.
    • Health information managers ensure accurate patient records and data privacy.
    • Medical social workers help patients navigate the healthcare system and offer emotional support.
    • Non-clinical providers face challenges in adopting new technologies like electronic health records and telehealth.
    • Cuba, Taiwan, and New Zealand have single-payer healthcare systems.

    The U.S. Healthcare System: Combining Business, Health, and Delivery

    • Chapter 3: Health and the Healthcare System
      • Public health emphasizes prevention over curative medicine.
      • Curative research aims to eliminate diseases.
      • Health indicators measure aspects of the healthcare system's effectiveness, including life expectancy and infant mortality.
      • Long-term care (LTC) refers to services for individuals requiring healthcare for more than 90 days.
      • Medical technology plays a significant role in healthcare delivery and encompasses various therapeutic and diagnostic devices.
      • Healthcare acts as a business and a delivery system simultaneously.
      • Incidence measures the number of new cases of a disease or event.
      • The United Kingdom has the oldest national healthcare system.
    • Chapter 4: The U.S. Healthcare System
      • The U.S. healthcare system does not meet the criteria for justice and fairness, unlike countries like France, Japan, and Great Britain.
      • Canada's healthcare system serves as a model for U.S. healthcare reform.
      • The State Care Acts centralized mental health care into large state mental hospitals.
      • Suicide is a significant public health issue, with a high prevalence in white men over 85.
      • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is responsible for medical research, with various centers like the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute on Aging.
      • Single-payer systems are characterized by a central financing pool for universal coverage.
      • Nurse practitioners now possess diagnostic and treatment capabilities, including medication prescription.
      • Phase II drug testing determines if the drug produces the desired effect.
    • Chapter 5: Paying for Healthcare
      • Medicaid is a federal program for low-income individuals, overseen by both state and federal governments.
      • In capitation, providers receive a fixed payment per patient, regardless of the number of services delivered.
      • Autonomy in healthcare ethics emphasizes the patient's right to make their own decisions.
    • Chapter 6: Healthcare Delivery
      • Allied health professionals provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and supportive services to physicians.
      • The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) fills a gap in healthcare coverage for families that earn too much for Medicaid but not enough for private insurance.
      • HMOs require referrals from primary care physicians to access specialists, while PPOs do not.
      • Third-party payers help lower out-of-pocket costs for patients, but can reduce provider reimbursement rates.
      • Managed care organizations control healthcare costs using preventative care and negotiating rates with providers.
      • Fee-for-service models pay providers based on the number of services delivered, while value-based care emphasizes patient outcomes.
      • Medicare Part D offers prescription drug coverage for Medicare beneficiaries.
      • Medicare covers short-term rehabilitation, while Medicaid provides more comprehensive long-term care.
      • The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands Medicaid eligibility to cover more low-income individuals.
      • Nurse practitioners are increasingly granted greater autonomy, providing primary care without physician oversight in some states.
      • Physician shortage disproportionately impacts rural health care, leading to limited access to care and longer wait times.
      • Scope of practice regulations define the tasks nurses are legally allowed to perform.
      • Team-based care models are growing in popularity as they encourage collaboration between healthcare professionals, improving patient outcomes.
      • Pharmacists now offer medication counseling, administer vaccines, and manage chronic diseases.
      • Health information managers ensure accuracy and privacy in patient records.
      • Medical social workers provide emotional support, assist with navigating the healthcare system, and aid in care transitions.
      • Non-clinical healthcare providers must adapt to technological advancements like electronic health records and telehealth, while ensuring patient data privacy.

    The Changing Landscape of Healthcare Delivery

    • The Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 significantly impacted the U.S. healthcare system.
    • The ACA expanded health insurance coverage through Medicaid expansion and marketplace exchanges.
    • The ACA imposed new regulations on insurance companies, such as preventing denial of coverage for pre-existing conditions.
    • The ACA aimed to decrease the uninsured population and improve access to healthcare.

    Health Insurance Basics

    • Private insurance plans cover individuals and families, offering various options.
    • Public insurance plans cover specific groups, such as Medicare for seniors and Medicaid for low-income individuals.
    • Health insurance premiums are payments made to insurers for coverage.
    • Deductibles are out-of-pocket expenses individuals pay before insurance coverage kicks in.
    • Co-pays are fixed amounts paid by individuals at the time of service.
    • Co-insurance is a percentage of healthcare costs shared by the insured individual.

    Health Insurance Coverage

    • Managed care organizations (MCOs) are entities managing healthcare services and costs.
    • Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) restrict coverage to their network providers and require referrals.
    • Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) offer broader provider networks, allowing out-of-network access at higher costs.
    • Point of Service (POS) plans offer a blend of HMO and PPO features.

    Healthcare Financing

    • The U.S. healthcare system relies heavily on private insurance, out-of-pocket expenses, and government funding.
    • Medicare is a government-funded program for individuals aged 65 and older and those with specific disabilities.
    • Medicaid is a jointly funded program for low-income individuals, families, and children.
    • Employer-sponsored health insurance is common for U.S. workers, with contributions from both employers and employees.
    • The U.S. healthcare system faces challenges in affordability, accessibility, and quality.

    Studying That Suits You

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    Explore the critical aspects of public health, including the leading causes of death such as heart disease, and the importance of health indicators. Delve into topics like curative research, medical technology, and the evolution of health care systems. This quiz covers pivotal concepts in understanding health delivery and statistics.

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