Unit 2: Developing Interventions Quiz

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What should public health officials consider when making decisions about interventions?

The political implications of the intervention

The weather conditions at the time of the intervention

The cost-effectiveness of the intervention

Selecting the appropriate intervention, facilitating implementation, and assessing effectiveness (correct)

What does Sir Austin Bradford Hill emphasize regarding scientific work?

It should be ignored until all knowledge is gathered

It is often upset or modified by advancing knowledge (correct)

It should be postponed indefinitely

It is always perfect and complete

When should public health interventions be scientifically driven?

On established facts, data, current investigation findings, and knowledge from previous investigations (correct)

Based on rumors and speculations

Only when political pressure demands it

Randomly without any basis

What societal and public health responsibility exists when an acute public health problem is detected?

To intervene as quickly as possible to minimize preventable morbidity and mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial determinant that field epidemiologists must consider when deciding to employ a public health intervention?

Severity of the problem Signup and view all the answers

Why might adapting intervention components sometimes be necessary?

To make them more acceptable and responsive to the community needs Signup and view all the answers

What is one example that highlights the importance of identifying the source in public health investigations?

Botulism cases due to its consequences and low probability Signup and view all the answers

Which factor tends to drive the perception of the importance of intervening according to the text?

The consequences of the event Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for interventions to be based on evidence?

To optimize their responsiveness and effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What are some common determinants that field epidemiologists must consider when choosing a public health intervention?

Levels of certainty about key epidemiologic factors Signup and view all the answers

What element is critical for developing control measures in an epidemiologic field investigation according to the text?

Certainty about agents, sources, and modes of spread Signup and view all the answers

What plays a significant role in determining interventions according to the text?

Sociopolitical context Signup and view all the answers

What might demand open, two-way communication according to the text?

Most public health interventions Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the urgency of a public health intervention?

The severity of the problem Signup and view all the answers

How do consequences influence perceptions about intervening?

They highlight the necessity of rapid action Signup and view all the answers

What role does certainty about key epidemiologic factors play in selecting interventions?

It is crucial for optimally matching interventions to public health problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Haddon’s injury prevention model?

Intervention strategies at the preevent phase Signup and view all the answers

During the Ebola virus disease epidemic in 2014–2015, what intervention measure was directed at persons in whom Ebola virus disease was diagnosed?

Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an intervention measure that can be directed at persons susceptible to infectious agents?

Monitor exposed persons for signs of illness Signup and view all the answers

In the context of outbreak investigations, what type of corrective measures can be applied during early stages based on established guidelines for disease control?

Excluding symptomatic employees from work Signup and view all the answers

What type of intervention measures were advised during the 2016–2017 Zika virus infection outbreak to reduce the risk for exposure among susceptible pregnant women?

Use of condoms by men returning from travel to epidemic areas Signup and view all the answers

Which factor might influence decision-makers when considering intervention options besides the specific etiologic agent?

The operational and logistical feasibility Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria did Austin Bradford Hill propose for assessing causal associations in epidemiology?

Temporality, strength of association, biologic gradient, coherence Signup and view all the answers

What did the Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in 1976 demonstrate according to the text?

The challenges in identifying the cause and source of a disease outbreak Signup and view all the answers

Why might acceptance of epidemiologic conclusions be slower in certain sectors, as mentioned in the text?

Reluctance to act based on associations rather than hard proof Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between epidemiologic evidence and hard, irrefutable proof as stated in the text?

Epidemiologic evidence establishes associations rather than providing indisputable proof Signup and view all the answers

What role do criteria like strength of association, dose-response, and temporality play in field investigations according to the text?

They increase confidence in initiating actions during investigations Signup and view all the answers

Why might field investigators try to collect data using multiple criteria during an investigation as suggested in the text?

To ensure that every possible angle is explored for evidence collection Signup and view all the answers

What did the story of toxic shock syndrome illustrate regarding acceptance of epidemiologic evidence?

The reluctance of certain sectors to accept epidemiologic evidence during a nationwide epidemic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of a restaurant patron in a suspected foodborne illness outbreak?

Plausibility Signup and view all the answers

What standard of proof must a plaintiff's attorney meet in civil cases?

Preponderance of evidence Signup and view all the answers

What might lead to political pressure for closing a school or hospital?

Deaths due to specific diseases Signup and view all the answers

During the 2014–2015 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, what did many US jurisdictions implement for travelers from affected countries?

Quarantine and health monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is one essential component of any intervention during a public health crisis?

Effective communication Signup and view all the answers

In infectious disease outbreaks, what might politicians wish to demonstrate when dealing with the public?

Protection of the public Signup and view all the answers

What does the strength of association criterion focus on in epidemiological investigations?

Relation between exposure and illness Signup and view all the answers

How does a legal framework for causation differ from epidemiologic causation?

'Preponderance of evidence' standard is unique to legal framework Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the field investigation during epidemics or acute disease occurrences?

To determine a rational and appropriate response Signup and view all the answers

When should data from epidemiologic investigations be used to assess intervention effectiveness?

At the earliest possible moment Signup and view all the answers

What influences decisions about public health interventions' timing and selection according to the text?

Severity of the problem, scientific certainty levels, causal criteria, feasibility, public and political perceptions, and legal considerations Signup and view all the answers

Why might a decision be made to permanently leave an intervention in place?

When the public health risk remains an ongoing threat Signup and view all the answers

What is one critical factor to consider when selecting and implementing public health interventions?

A balance among severity of the problem, scientific certainty levels, causal criteria, feasibility, public and political perceptions, and legal considerations Signup and view all the answers

In what situations might empiric interventions be considered during an epidemiologic field investigation?

When potential reasons for an outbreak are ongoing Signup and view all the answers

What does the scope of an investigation for acute disease outbreaks depend on?

The levels of certainty about the etiology and source or mode of spread Signup and view all the answers

When can control measures follow policy or practice guidelines during disease outbreaks?

When the source is easily identifiable Signup and view all the answers

What does the response to a suspected norovirus outbreak in a restaurant include?

Monitoring food-handling practices until more specific information is available Signup and view all the answers

Why might epidemiologists need to extend an investigation during an outbreak?

To identify possible sources of contamination Signup and view all the answers

In outbreaks involving a presumed source but unknown etiology, what is the challenge?

Determining the cause of the illness Signup and view all the answers

How do control measures vary depending on gastrointestinal outbreaks?

Depending on whether transmission is person-to-person, foodborne, or waterborne Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the extensive epidemiologic field investigations during the Salmonella outbreak in 2008?

Multiple states being involved Signup and view all the answers

What was eventually identified as the transmission vehicles in the Salmonella outbreak?

Peanut butter and peanut butter–containing products Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key actions to modify the affected environment in public health interventions?

Modify the affected environment through vector control Signup and view all the answers

Why might public health officials face challenges in selecting and implementing interventions according to the text?

Lack of science-based information Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of modifying behavior to reduce risks to self or others in public health interventions?

Using barrier methods like face masks Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge when limited science-based information is available for public health interventions?

Difficulty in assessing societal costs Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of ensuring the success of investigations and control measures in public health according to the text?

Increasing community trust and support Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention method involves excluding unvaccinated persons from groups of vaccinated individuals?

Excluding unvaccinated persons from cohorts of vaccinated persons Signup and view all the answers

What can disable or constrain the impact of investigations in public health problems?

Decreasing community involvement Signup and view all the answers

Which approach has increasingly played a role in selecting and implementing public health interventions?

'Bottom-up' community involvement Signup and view all the answers

What can help disseminate information to high-risk individuals in public health problems?

Community representatives through various communication channels like blogs and social media Signup and view all the answers

What can be a significant impact of failing to obtain community trust and support in public health investigations according to the text?

Disabling or constraining the investigation's impact Signup and view all the answers

Which measure involves modifying the environment through restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants?

Modifying the affected environment by restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of explaining interventions to the community according to the text?

Explaining both the rationale for and potential limitations of an intervention Signup and view all the answers

What age group do the USPSTF recommendations for lung cancer screening apply to?

60-69 years Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does the USPSTF provide screening guidelines for in pregnant women?

Gestational diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is one area where the USPSTF provides recommendations for prevention in women at high risk?

Preventing neural tube defects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an area covered by the USPSTF recommendations?

Breastfeeding recommendations Signup and view all the answers

What is the USPSTF recommendation regarding screening for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76 to 85 years?

Screening should be selectively offered in this age group Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for unhealthy drug use in adolescents?

No screening is recommended Signup and view all the answers

What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection?

Screening is recommended for adults aged 18 to 79 years Signup and view all the answers

For men aged 65 to 75 years who have never smoked, what does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

Selective offering of screening Signup and view all the answers

What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening for hypertension in adults without known hypertension?

Screening with blood pressure measurement (OBPM) Signup and view all the answers

According to the USPSTF, what intervention should be implemented when services for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate care can be offered or referred?

'Asking questions about unhealthy drug use' Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend for pregnant women during their first pregnancy-related care visit?

Both Rh(D) blood typing and antibody testing Signup and view all the answers

For which group of pregnant women does the USPSTF recommend repeated Rh(D) antibody testing at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation?

Unsensitized Rh(D)-negative women Signup and view all the answers

Which adults aged 40 to 75 years with cardiovascular risk factors are strongly recommended by the USPSTF to be prescribed a statin for CVD prevention?

Those with a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the USPSTF's conclusion regarding initiating a statin for CVD prevention in adults aged 76 years or older?

Insufficient evidence to assess benefits and harms Signup and view all the answers

Which group of adults aged 40 to 75 years with cardiovascular risk factors and an estimated 10-year CVD risk between 7.5% and less than 10% would clinicians selectively offer a statin for primary prevention of CVD?

Those with a history of smoking only Signup and view all the answers

What is the USPSTF's recommendation for early screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women?

Screening in all pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What age group is recommended for screening by the USPSTF for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?

35 to 70 years Signup and view all the answers

How are overweight and obesity defined for screening purposes by the USPSTF?

BMI ≥25 and ≥30, respectively Signup and view all the answers

For which populations does the USPSTF recommend considering screening at an earlier age and at a lower BMI?

American Indian/Alaska Native, Black, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander individuals Signup and view all the answers

How often does the USPSTF recommend screening for adults with an initial normal glucose test result?

Every 3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommendation grade by the USPSTF for screening asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant persons?

Grade B Signup and view all the answers

For pregnant persons at high risk for preeclampsia, what preventive medication does the USPSTF recommend?

Low-dose aspirin (81 mg/day) Signup and view all the answers

What should clinicians offer pregnant adolescents and adults according to the USPSTF?

Behavioral counseling interventions aimed at promoting healthy weight gain in pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend for women aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked?

No screening for AAA with ultrasonography Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend against for women aged 21 to 29 years regarding screening for cervical cancer?

No screening for cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

For which population does the USPSTF recommend risk-reducing medications for breast cancer?

Women at increased risk for breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend for men regarding screening for osteoporosis?

No screening for osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy?

No screening for cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

For asymptomatic adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity, what does the USPSTF recommend screening for?

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend for women older than 65 years regarding screening for cervical cancer?

No screening for cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend for postmenopausal women younger than 65 years at increased risk of osteoporosis?

Routine screening with bone measurement testing Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend regarding low-dose aspirin use for adults 60 years or older?

Recommends against initiating low-dose aspirin use Signup and view all the answers

"To whom does this recommendation apply?" - Which population is being referred to in this question?

"Adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity" Signup and view all the answers

In which group does the USPSTF recommend screening for depression?

Adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons Signup and view all the answers

"What plays a significant role in determining interventions according to the text?" - What is being referred to by "interventions" in this context?

"Public health actions and measures" Signup and view all the answers

For which population does the USPSTF recommend taking a daily supplement containing folic acid?

Persons planning to become pregnant Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for AAA with ultrasonography in women who have never smoked and have no family history of AAA?

No routine screening for AAA with ultrasonography Signup and view all the answers

What is the USPSTF recommendation for women aged 30 to 65 years regarding screening for cervical cancer?

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing in combination with cytology every 5 years Signup and view all the answers

When does the USPSTF recommend screening for gestational diabetes in pregnant persons?

At 24 weeks of gestation or after Signup and view all the answers

Who should clinicians screen for intimate partner violence (IPV) according to the USPSTF?

Women of reproductive age Signup and view all the answers

What does the USPSTF recommend for adults aged 50 to 80 years with a smoking history?

Annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT Signup and view all the answers

For whom does the USPSTF recommend the use of low-dose aspirin as preventive medication after 12 weeks of gestation?

High-risk persons for preeclampsia Signup and view all the answers

Unit 2: Developing Interventions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What should public health officials consider when making decisions about interventions?

What does Sir Austin Bradford Hill emphasize regarding scientific work?

When should public health interventions be scientifically driven?

What societal and public health responsibility exists when an acute public health problem is detected?

What is a crucial determinant that field epidemiologists must consider when deciding to employ a public health intervention?

Why might adapting intervention components sometimes be necessary?

What is one example that highlights the importance of identifying the source in public health investigations?

Which factor tends to drive the perception of the importance of intervening according to the text?

Why is it important for interventions to be based on evidence?

What are some common determinants that field epidemiologists must consider when choosing a public health intervention?

What element is critical for developing control measures in an epidemiologic field investigation according to the text?

What plays a significant role in determining interventions according to the text?

What might demand open, two-way communication according to the text?

What factor influences the urgency of a public health intervention?

How do consequences influence perceptions about intervening?

What role does certainty about key epidemiologic factors play in selecting interventions?

What is the primary focus of Haddon’s injury prevention model?

During the Ebola virus disease epidemic in 2014–2015, what intervention measure was directed at persons in whom Ebola virus disease was diagnosed?

What is an example of an intervention measure that can be directed at persons susceptible to infectious agents?

In the context of outbreak investigations, what type of corrective measures can be applied during early stages based on established guidelines for disease control?

What type of intervention measures were advised during the 2016–2017 Zika virus infection outbreak to reduce the risk for exposure among susceptible pregnant women?

Which factor might influence decision-makers when considering intervention options besides the specific etiologic agent?

Which criteria did Austin Bradford Hill propose for assessing causal associations in epidemiology?

What did the Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in 1976 demonstrate according to the text?

Why might acceptance of epidemiologic conclusions be slower in certain sectors, as mentioned in the text?

What is the primary distinction between epidemiologic evidence and hard, irrefutable proof as stated in the text?

What role do criteria like strength of association, dose-response, and temporality play in field investigations according to the text?

Why might field investigators try to collect data using multiple criteria during an investigation as suggested in the text?

What did the story of toxic shock syndrome illustrate regarding acceptance of epidemiologic evidence?

What is the main concern of a restaurant patron in a suspected foodborne illness outbreak?

What standard of proof must a plaintiff's attorney meet in civil cases?

What might lead to political pressure for closing a school or hospital?

During the 2014–2015 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, what did many US jurisdictions implement for travelers from affected countries?

What is one essential component of any intervention during a public health crisis?

In infectious disease outbreaks, what might politicians wish to demonstrate when dealing with the public?

What does the strength of association criterion focus on in epidemiological investigations?

How does a legal framework for causation differ from epidemiologic causation?

What is the primary objective of the field investigation during epidemics or acute disease occurrences?

When should data from epidemiologic investigations be used to assess intervention effectiveness?

What influences decisions about public health interventions' timing and selection according to the text?

Why might a decision be made to permanently leave an intervention in place?

What is one critical factor to consider when selecting and implementing public health interventions?

In what situations might empiric interventions be considered during an epidemiologic field investigation?

What does the scope of an investigation for acute disease outbreaks depend on?

When can control measures follow policy or practice guidelines during disease outbreaks?

What does the response to a suspected norovirus outbreak in a restaurant include?

Why might epidemiologists need to extend an investigation during an outbreak?

In outbreaks involving a presumed source but unknown etiology, what is the challenge?

How do control measures vary depending on gastrointestinal outbreaks?

What triggered the extensive epidemiologic field investigations during the Salmonella outbreak in 2008?

What was eventually identified as the transmission vehicles in the Salmonella outbreak?

What is one of the key actions to modify the affected environment in public health interventions?

Why might public health officials face challenges in selecting and implementing interventions according to the text?

What is an example of modifying behavior to reduce risks to self or others in public health interventions?

What is a potential challenge when limited science-based information is available for public health interventions?

What is a crucial aspect of ensuring the success of investigations and control measures in public health according to the text?

Which intervention method involves excluding unvaccinated persons from groups of vaccinated individuals?

What can disable or constrain the impact of investigations in public health problems?

Which approach has increasingly played a role in selecting and implementing public health interventions?

What can help disseminate information to high-risk individuals in public health problems?

What can be a significant impact of failing to obtain community trust and support in public health investigations according to the text?

Which measure involves modifying the environment through restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants?

What is a critical aspect of explaining interventions to the community according to the text?

What age group do the USPSTF recommendations for lung cancer screening apply to?

Which condition does the USPSTF provide screening guidelines for in pregnant women?

What is one area where the USPSTF provides recommendations for prevention in women at high risk?

Which of the following is not an area covered by the USPSTF recommendations?

What is the USPSTF recommendation regarding screening for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76 to 85 years?

What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for unhealthy drug use in adolescents?

What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection?

For men aged 65 to 75 years who have never smoked, what does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening for hypertension in adults without known hypertension?

According to the USPSTF, what intervention should be implemented when services for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate care can be offered or referred?

What does the USPSTF recommend for pregnant women during their first pregnancy-related care visit?

For which group of pregnant women does the USPSTF recommend repeated Rh(D) antibody testing at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation?

Which adults aged 40 to 75 years with cardiovascular risk factors are strongly recommended by the USPSTF to be prescribed a statin for CVD prevention?

What is the USPSTF's conclusion regarding initiating a statin for CVD prevention in adults aged 76 years or older?