Unit 2: Developing Interventions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What should public health officials consider when making decisions about interventions?

  • The political implications of the intervention
  • The weather conditions at the time of the intervention
  • The cost-effectiveness of the intervention
  • Selecting the appropriate intervention, facilitating implementation, and assessing effectiveness (correct)

    • What does Sir Austin Bradford Hill emphasize regarding scientific work?

  • It should be ignored until all knowledge is gathered
  • It is often upset or modified by advancing knowledge (correct)
  • It should be postponed indefinitely
  • It is always perfect and complete

    • When should public health interventions be scientifically driven?

  • On established facts, data, current investigation findings, and knowledge from previous investigations (correct)
  • Based on rumors and speculations
  • Only when political pressure demands it
  • Randomly without any basis

    • What societal and public health responsibility exists when an acute public health problem is detected?

    <p>To intervene as quickly as possible to minimize preventable morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial determinant that field epidemiologists must consider when deciding to employ a public health intervention?

    <p>Severity of the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might adapting intervention components sometimes be necessary?

    <p>To make them more acceptable and responsive to the community needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example that highlights the importance of identifying the source in public health investigations?

    <p>Botulism cases due to its consequences and low probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor tends to drive the perception of the importance of intervening according to the text?

    <p>The consequences of the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for interventions to be based on evidence?

    <p>To optimize their responsiveness and effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common determinants that field epidemiologists must consider when choosing a public health intervention?

    <p>Levels of certainty about key epidemiologic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is critical for developing control measures in an epidemiologic field investigation according to the text?

    <p>Certainty about agents, sources, and modes of spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in determining interventions according to the text?

    <p>Sociopolitical context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might demand open, two-way communication according to the text?

    <p>Most public health interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the urgency of a public health intervention?

    <p>The severity of the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do consequences influence perceptions about intervening?

    <p>They highlight the necessity of rapid action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does certainty about key epidemiologic factors play in selecting interventions?

    <p>It is crucial for optimally matching interventions to public health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Haddon’s injury prevention model?

    <p>Intervention strategies at the preevent phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Ebola virus disease epidemic in 2014–2015, what intervention measure was directed at persons in whom Ebola virus disease was diagnosed?

    <p>Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an intervention measure that can be directed at persons susceptible to infectious agents?

    <p>Monitor exposed persons for signs of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of outbreak investigations, what type of corrective measures can be applied during early stages based on established guidelines for disease control?

    <p>Excluding symptomatic employees from work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intervention measures were advised during the 2016–2017 Zika virus infection outbreak to reduce the risk for exposure among susceptible pregnant women?

    <p>Use of condoms by men returning from travel to epidemic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor might influence decision-makers when considering intervention options besides the specific etiologic agent?

    <p>The operational and logistical feasibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criteria did Austin Bradford Hill propose for assessing causal associations in epidemiology?

    <p>Temporality, strength of association, biologic gradient, coherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in 1976 demonstrate according to the text?

    <p>The challenges in identifying the cause and source of a disease outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might acceptance of epidemiologic conclusions be slower in certain sectors, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reluctance to act based on associations rather than hard proof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between epidemiologic evidence and hard, irrefutable proof as stated in the text?

    <p>Epidemiologic evidence establishes associations rather than providing indisputable proof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do criteria like strength of association, dose-response, and temporality play in field investigations according to the text?

    <p>They increase confidence in initiating actions during investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might field investigators try to collect data using multiple criteria during an investigation as suggested in the text?

    <p>To ensure that every possible angle is explored for evidence collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the story of toxic shock syndrome illustrate regarding acceptance of epidemiologic evidence?

    <p>The reluctance of certain sectors to accept epidemiologic evidence during a nationwide epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of a restaurant patron in a suspected foodborne illness outbreak?

    <p>Plausibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What standard of proof must a plaintiff's attorney meet in civil cases?

    <p>Preponderance of evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might lead to political pressure for closing a school or hospital?

    <p>Deaths due to specific diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 2014–2015 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, what did many US jurisdictions implement for travelers from affected countries?

    <p>Quarantine and health monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one essential component of any intervention during a public health crisis?

    <p>Effective communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In infectious disease outbreaks, what might politicians wish to demonstrate when dealing with the public?

    <p>Protection of the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the strength of association criterion focus on in epidemiological investigations?

    <p>Relation between exposure and illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a legal framework for causation differ from epidemiologic causation?

    <p>'Preponderance of evidence' standard is unique to legal framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the field investigation during epidemics or acute disease occurrences?

    <p>To determine a rational and appropriate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should data from epidemiologic investigations be used to assess intervention effectiveness?

    <p>At the earliest possible moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences decisions about public health interventions' timing and selection according to the text?

    <p>Severity of the problem, scientific certainty levels, causal criteria, feasibility, public and political perceptions, and legal considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a decision be made to permanently leave an intervention in place?

    <p>When the public health risk remains an ongoing threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one critical factor to consider when selecting and implementing public health interventions?

    <p>A balance among severity of the problem, scientific certainty levels, causal criteria, feasibility, public and political perceptions, and legal considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations might empiric interventions be considered during an epidemiologic field investigation?

    <p>When potential reasons for an outbreak are ongoing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the scope of an investigation for acute disease outbreaks depend on?

    <p>The levels of certainty about the etiology and source or mode of spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can control measures follow policy or practice guidelines during disease outbreaks?

    <p>When the source is easily identifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the response to a suspected norovirus outbreak in a restaurant include?

    <p>Monitoring food-handling practices until more specific information is available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might epidemiologists need to extend an investigation during an outbreak?

    <p>To identify possible sources of contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In outbreaks involving a presumed source but unknown etiology, what is the challenge?

    <p>Determining the cause of the illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do control measures vary depending on gastrointestinal outbreaks?

    <p>Depending on whether transmission is person-to-person, foodborne, or waterborne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the extensive epidemiologic field investigations during the Salmonella outbreak in 2008?

    <p>Multiple states being involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was eventually identified as the transmission vehicles in the Salmonella outbreak?

    <p>Peanut butter and peanut butter–containing products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key actions to modify the affected environment in public health interventions?

    <p>Modify the affected environment through vector control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might public health officials face challenges in selecting and implementing interventions according to the text?

    <p>Lack of science-based information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of modifying behavior to reduce risks to self or others in public health interventions?

    <p>Using barrier methods like face masks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential challenge when limited science-based information is available for public health interventions?

    <p>Difficulty in assessing societal costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of ensuring the success of investigations and control measures in public health according to the text?

    <p>Increasing community trust and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention method involves excluding unvaccinated persons from groups of vaccinated individuals?

    <p>Excluding unvaccinated persons from cohorts of vaccinated persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can disable or constrain the impact of investigations in public health problems?

    <p>Decreasing community involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach has increasingly played a role in selecting and implementing public health interventions?

    <p>'Bottom-up' community involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help disseminate information to high-risk individuals in public health problems?

    <p>Community representatives through various communication channels like blogs and social media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a significant impact of failing to obtain community trust and support in public health investigations according to the text?

    <p>Disabling or constraining the investigation's impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure involves modifying the environment through restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants?

    <p>Modifying the affected environment by restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of explaining interventions to the community according to the text?

    <p>Explaining both the rationale for and potential limitations of an intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group do the USPSTF recommendations for lung cancer screening apply to?

    <p>60-69 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does the USPSTF provide screening guidelines for in pregnant women?

    <p>Gestational diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one area where the USPSTF provides recommendations for prevention in women at high risk?

    <p>Preventing neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an area covered by the USPSTF recommendations?

    <p>Breastfeeding recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USPSTF recommendation regarding screening for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76 to 85 years?

    <p>Screening should be selectively offered in this age group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for unhealthy drug use in adolescents?

    <p>No screening is recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection?

    <p>Screening is recommended for adults aged 18 to 79 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For men aged 65 to 75 years who have never smoked, what does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

    <p>Selective offering of screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USPSTF recommendation for screening for hypertension in adults without known hypertension?

    <p>Screening with blood pressure measurement (OBPM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the USPSTF, what intervention should be implemented when services for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate care can be offered or referred?

    <p>'Asking questions about unhealthy drug use'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend for pregnant women during their first pregnancy-related care visit?

    <p>Both Rh(D) blood typing and antibody testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which group of pregnant women does the USPSTF recommend repeated Rh(D) antibody testing at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation?

    <p>Unsensitized Rh(D)-negative women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adults aged 40 to 75 years with cardiovascular risk factors are strongly recommended by the USPSTF to be prescribed a statin for CVD prevention?

    <p>Those with a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USPSTF's conclusion regarding initiating a statin for CVD prevention in adults aged 76 years or older?

    <p>Insufficient evidence to assess benefits and harms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of adults aged 40 to 75 years with cardiovascular risk factors and an estimated 10-year CVD risk between 7.5% and less than 10% would clinicians selectively offer a statin for primary prevention of CVD?

    <p>Those with a history of smoking only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USPSTF's recommendation for early screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women?

    <p>Screening in all pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is recommended for screening by the USPSTF for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>35 to 70 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are overweight and obesity defined for screening purposes by the USPSTF?

    <p>BMI ≥25 and ≥30, respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which populations does the USPSTF recommend considering screening at an earlier age and at a lower BMI?

    <p>American Indian/Alaska Native, Black, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often does the USPSTF recommend screening for adults with an initial normal glucose test result?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommendation grade by the USPSTF for screening asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant persons?

    <p>Grade B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For pregnant persons at high risk for preeclampsia, what preventive medication does the USPSTF recommend?

    <p>Low-dose aspirin (81 mg/day)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clinicians offer pregnant adolescents and adults according to the USPSTF?

    <p>Behavioral counseling interventions aimed at promoting healthy weight gain in pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend for women aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked?

    <p>No screening for AAA with ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend against for women aged 21 to 29 years regarding screening for cervical cancer?

    <p>No screening for cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which population does the USPSTF recommend risk-reducing medications for breast cancer?

    <p>Women at increased risk for breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend for men regarding screening for osteoporosis?

    <p>No screening for osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy?

    <p>No screening for cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For asymptomatic adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity, what does the USPSTF recommend screening for?

    <p>Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend for women older than 65 years regarding screening for cervical cancer?

    <p>No screening for cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend for postmenopausal women younger than 65 years at increased risk of osteoporosis?

    <p>Routine screening with bone measurement testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend regarding low-dose aspirin use for adults 60 years or older?

    <p>Recommends against initiating low-dose aspirin use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "To whom does this recommendation apply?" - Which population is being referred to in this question?

    <p>&quot;Adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group does the USPSTF recommend screening for depression?

    <p>Adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What plays a significant role in determining interventions according to the text?" - What is being referred to by "interventions" in this context?

    <p>&quot;Public health actions and measures&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which population does the USPSTF recommend taking a daily supplement containing folic acid?

    <p>Persons planning to become pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend regarding screening for AAA with ultrasonography in women who have never smoked and have no family history of AAA?

    <p>No routine screening for AAA with ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USPSTF recommendation for women aged 30 to 65 years regarding screening for cervical cancer?

    <p>High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing in combination with cytology every 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the USPSTF recommend screening for gestational diabetes in pregnant persons?

    <p>At 24 weeks of gestation or after</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should clinicians screen for intimate partner violence (IPV) according to the USPSTF?

    <p>Women of reproductive age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USPSTF recommend for adults aged 50 to 80 years with a smoking history?

    <p>Annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For whom does the USPSTF recommend the use of low-dose aspirin as preventive medication after 12 weeks of gestation?

    <p>High-risk persons for preeclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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