Public Health Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the DMFT score for the entire class?

160

What is the mean DMFT score for the entire class?

When reviewing the data, which of the following conclusions can be drawn with relative certainty?

The target population is fearful of visiting the dentist

The target population is in need of dental services (correct)

The target population does not have dental insurance

The target population is located in a non-fluoridated area

The assessment in the community is comparable to which private practice assessment?

Patient exam Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect has been identified when the results of the screening survey reveal untreated decay?

Prevalence Signup and view all the answers

Program goals and objectives are developed during the planning process. Which is true?

Both statements are true Signup and view all the answers

Which study was conducted regarding the amount of dental fluorosis?

Cross-sectional Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical evidence should the hygienist take most seriously?

Meta-analysis and systematic review Signup and view all the answers

Each of the following represents evidence-based care EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

Using instrumentation to remove calculus and plaque biofilm Signup and view all the answers

Which distinct disadvantage does group education present during a sealant lecture demonstration?

Large groups may struggle seeing demonstration, without appropriate technology Signup and view all the answers

Which study is the gold standard for research and is an experimental study?

Randomized clinical trials Signup and view all the answers

Which best represents a strong positive correlation between smoking and periodontal disease?

+1.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which occurs when two different dental hygienists evaluate the same student?

Interexaminer reliability Signup and view all the answers

Each of the following is an example of primary prevention EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

Placement of occlusal composite Signup and view all the answers

Which defines the strategy implemented in only one nursing home initially but will expand if successful?

Pilot testing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of scales of measurement is considered to be the most complex?

Ratio Signup and view all the answers

The research hypothesis is stated in _ terms that represent the researcher's prediction or question, and the null hypothesis is a __ statement of the researcher's prediction.

positive/negative Signup and view all the answers

Researchers estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic using which of the following?

Confidence intervals Signup and view all the answers

The first step in beginning a research study is which of the following?

The formulation of a research hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

The research statement which assumes that there is no statistically significant difference among the groups being studied is a:

Null hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

A normal distribution assumes that approximately what percentage of the population falls within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean?

68% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher?

Random sampling Signup and view all the answers

Cancer staging for tumors is an example of which scale of measurement?

Ordinal Signup and view all the answers

A result presented as either a positive or negative relationship is the result of which statistical method?

Correlation Signup and view all the answers

Discrete data are:

Qualitative in nature Signup and view all the answers

A perfect positive correlation is shown by and a perfect negative correlation is shown by .

+1.0; -1.0 Signup and view all the answers

Validation of a report should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

An evaluation of discussed criteria Signup and view all the answers

Of the following, which term is used in regard to numeric characteristics of the population?

Parameter Signup and view all the answers

Continuous data use which of the following scales of measurement?

Ratio and interval Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scales of measurement is the most powerful?

Ratio Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the definition:

Mean = Average Median = Middle Mode = Most frequent Signup and view all the answers

What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most often used to measure interval and ratio variables?

Variance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of the t-test?

The t-test is used to analyze the difference between two means Signup and view all the answers

The P value indicates which of the following?

How likely it is that the study could have come to a false scientific conclusion Signup and view all the answers

A reputable journal is commonly affiliated with a professional group or society, a specialty group, or a reputable scientific publisher. A reputable scientific journal may be a journal that is a popular magazine or published by a corporate firm.

First statement is true, second statement is false Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the primary research manuscript is usually confined to approximately 100-300 words and concisely defines the study's purpose, methods, materials, and results?

Abstract Signup and view all the answers

A statistical analysis would most likely be found in which of the sections of a primary research manuscript?

Results Signup and view all the answers

Which test allows for comparison among three or more sample means by analyzing interactions between and among the variances of the multiple groups?

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Signup and view all the answers

As part of a research methods course, a dental hygiene student, following appropriate research protocol, decides to screen all allied health students on campus to determine how many have influenza in September, this is the prevalence. The student then monitors the same population to determine how many new cases of students became ill with influenza during the three months of the fall semester, this is the incidence.

Both statements are true Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean of the following values: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the median of the following values: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5?

8 Signup and view all the answers

This refers to a relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically:

Correlation Signup and view all the answers

What is a detailed plan of study that is submitted for approval prior to the start of research?

Proposal Signup and view all the answers

When conducting research in a university setting, what group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of a research study prior to the start of the research?

Institutional review board Signup and view all the answers

Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variable and has the highest level of evidence?

Experimental Signup and view all the answers

__________ statistics simply provide numerical value to describe and summarize your data.

Descriptive Signup and view all the answers

____________ statistics are utilized for analysis of data to make inferences about a larger population from the sample data.

Inferential Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific community, if a p-value is equal to or less than this, the finding is said to have statistical significance.

.05 Signup and view all the answers

A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a _______.

Survey Signup and view all the answers

What type of study has two groups, one with disease and one without (control) and groups are compared to identify factors in their history that can be associated with the disease/condition? It is a retrospective study.

Case-control study Signup and view all the answers

A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed:

Double-blind Signup and view all the answers

What type of research studies/observes the same population over an extended period of time?

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

What is the DMFT score and mean DMFT score for the entire class? (Score/Mean Score)

160/8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the DMFT score AND the mean DMFT score of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above (Score/Mean Score)?

64/12.8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the median of the DMFT scores of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above?

11 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of the DMFT scores of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above?

17 Signup and view all the answers

The current amount of untreated caries listed for this population at the time of the examination is known as the:

Caries prevalence Signup and view all the answers

Following calibration, the findings by both public health dental hygienists produce the same clinical findings within the sample. This is an example of:

Interrater reliability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis

Confidence intervals are used to estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic.
The formulation of a research hypothesis is the initial step in a research study.
A null hypothesis assumes no statistically significant difference among groups.
In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the population falls within one standard deviation from the mean.
Random sampling prevents selection bias by ensuring every member has an equal chance of being included.

Data Types and Measurement Scales

Cancer staging for tumors uses the ordinal scale of measurement.
Correlation indicates a positive or negative relationship between variables.
Discrete data are qualitative in nature, whereas continuous data are quantitative.
Perfect positive and negative correlations are represented by +1.0 and -1.0, respectively.
The most powerful scale of measurement is the ratio scale.

Statistical Analysis and Interpretation

The mean is the average score, while the median is the middle score of a distribution.
A t-test is primarily used to analyze differences between two means.
The P-value indicates the likelihood of a study leading to a false conclusion; significance is established at p ≤ 0.05.
Descriptive statistics summarize data mathematically, while inferential statistics make inferences about a larger population based on sample data.

Study Design and Ethical Considerations

Experimental studies manipulate variables to investigate cause-and-effect relationships.
An institutional review board reviews ethical implications of research studies before commencement.
Double-blind studies ensure neither participants nor researchers know who receives the treatment or placebo, reducing bias.

Research Concepts and Public Health

Prevalence refers to the total number of cases within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to new cases within a given period.
The mode represents the most frequently occurring score in a set.
Interrater reliability indicates consistency between different researchers' observations.

Special Research Scenarios

In conducting research on high school students, a dental hygienist assesses oral health using the DMFT index, with results showing a total DMFT of 160 for the class of students.
A mean DMFT score of 8 indicates overall dental health conditions for the class.
Median and mode DMFT scores highlight dental health disparities among students.
Early childhood caries is a significant public health issue in the examined population, tied closely to socioeconomic factors and access to care.### Client Data and Dental Needs
High DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) scores indicate a significant dental care need in the target population.
A client with a DMFT score of 17 suggests extensive oral health issues, underscoring the necessity for dental services.

State Health Department Survey

A statewide screening survey targets the oral health of preschool and elementary children.
The survey instrument is from the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD).
Random selection of schools ensures a diverse representation of the target population.
Ten trained dental hygienists conduct standardized screenings, enhancing the reliability of the results.
A smaller preparatory study helps validate the approach of the larger survey.

Survey Results Analysis

The screening survey aims to reveal the prevalence of untreated dental decay among children.
Understanding prevalence helps in assessing the overall health needs and planning appropriate interventions.

Goals and Objectives

Defined program goals and objectives arise from the assessment findings to address identified issues.
Both statements regarding program development during planning are true.

Study Types and Methodologies

The survey of dental fluorosis among 7th graders represents a cross-sectional study due to its observational nature.
A systematic review and meta-analysis constitute the most credible sources for understanding systemic effects related to dental materials.
Randomized clinical trials are considered the gold standard for experimental research, indicating strong scientific rigor.

Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based care excludes practices lacking scientific foundations, such as merely using instrumentation without research backing.
Strong positive correlation in research is represented by values approaching +1, indicating a direct relationship.

Education and Outreach Challenges

Large groups may hinder effective education dissemination without appropriate technology to enhance visibility and engagement.

Measurement Scales

The ratio scale is the most complex type of measurement, allowing for a comprehensive range of data analysis.

Hypothesis Statements

Research hypotheses posit predictions in positive terms, while null hypotheses articulate negative assertions regarding those predictions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 7 of Public Health. This quiz covers important research methods and statistical techniques used in the field. Suitable for students looking to reinforce their understanding of public health research principles.