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Questions and Answers
What is the DMFT score for the entire class?
What is the DMFT score for the entire class?
160
What is the mean DMFT score for the entire class?
What is the mean DMFT score for the entire class?
8
When reviewing the data, which of the following conclusions can be drawn with relative certainty?
When reviewing the data, which of the following conclusions can be drawn with relative certainty?
- The target population is fearful of visiting the dentist
- The target population is in need of dental services (correct)
- The target population does not have dental insurance
- The target population is located in a non-fluoridated area
The assessment in the community is comparable to which private practice assessment?
The assessment in the community is comparable to which private practice assessment?
Which aspect has been identified when the results of the screening survey reveal untreated decay?
Which aspect has been identified when the results of the screening survey reveal untreated decay?
Program goals and objectives are developed during the planning process. Which is true?
Program goals and objectives are developed during the planning process. Which is true?
Which study was conducted regarding the amount of dental fluorosis?
Which study was conducted regarding the amount of dental fluorosis?
Which clinical evidence should the hygienist take most seriously?
Which clinical evidence should the hygienist take most seriously?
Each of the following represents evidence-based care EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?
Each of the following represents evidence-based care EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?
Which distinct disadvantage does group education present during a sealant lecture demonstration?
Which distinct disadvantage does group education present during a sealant lecture demonstration?
Which study is the gold standard for research and is an experimental study?
Which study is the gold standard for research and is an experimental study?
Which best represents a strong positive correlation between smoking and periodontal disease?
Which best represents a strong positive correlation between smoking and periodontal disease?
Which occurs when two different dental hygienists evaluate the same student?
Which occurs when two different dental hygienists evaluate the same student?
Each of the following is an example of primary prevention EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Each of the following is an example of primary prevention EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Which defines the strategy implemented in only one nursing home initially but will expand if successful?
Which defines the strategy implemented in only one nursing home initially but will expand if successful?
Which of the following types of scales of measurement is considered to be the most complex?
Which of the following types of scales of measurement is considered to be the most complex?
The research hypothesis is stated in _________ terms that represent the researcher's prediction or question, and the null hypothesis is a __________ statement of the researcher's prediction.
The research hypothesis is stated in _________ terms that represent the researcher's prediction or question, and the null hypothesis is a __________ statement of the researcher's prediction.
Researchers estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic using which of the following?
Researchers estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic using which of the following?
The first step in beginning a research study is which of the following?
The first step in beginning a research study is which of the following?
The research statement which assumes that there is no statistically significant difference among the groups being studied is a:
The research statement which assumes that there is no statistically significant difference among the groups being studied is a:
A normal distribution assumes that approximately what percentage of the population falls within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean?
A normal distribution assumes that approximately what percentage of the population falls within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean?
Which type of sampling prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher?
Which type of sampling prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher?
Cancer staging for tumors is an example of which scale of measurement?
Cancer staging for tumors is an example of which scale of measurement?
A result presented as either a positive or negative relationship is the result of which statistical method?
A result presented as either a positive or negative relationship is the result of which statistical method?
Discrete data are:
Discrete data are:
A perfect positive correlation is shown by ____ and a perfect negative correlation is shown by ____.
A perfect positive correlation is shown by ____ and a perfect negative correlation is shown by ____.
Validation of a report should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Validation of a report should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Of the following, which term is used in regard to numeric characteristics of the population?
Of the following, which term is used in regard to numeric characteristics of the population?
Continuous data use which of the following scales of measurement?
Continuous data use which of the following scales of measurement?
Which of the following scales of measurement is the most powerful?
Which of the following scales of measurement is the most powerful?
Match the term with the definition:
Match the term with the definition:
What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14?
What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14?
Which of the following is most often used to measure interval and ratio variables?
Which of the following is most often used to measure interval and ratio variables?
Which of the following is true of the t-test?
Which of the following is true of the t-test?
The P value indicates which of the following?
The P value indicates which of the following?
A reputable journal is commonly affiliated with a professional group or society, a specialty group, or a reputable scientific publisher. A reputable scientific journal may be a journal that is a popular magazine or published by a corporate firm.
A reputable journal is commonly affiliated with a professional group or society, a specialty group, or a reputable scientific publisher. A reputable scientific journal may be a journal that is a popular magazine or published by a corporate firm.
Which part of the primary research manuscript is usually confined to approximately 100-300 words and concisely defines the study's purpose, methods, materials, and results?
Which part of the primary research manuscript is usually confined to approximately 100-300 words and concisely defines the study's purpose, methods, materials, and results?
A statistical analysis would most likely be found in which of the sections of a primary research manuscript?
A statistical analysis would most likely be found in which of the sections of a primary research manuscript?
Which test allows for comparison among three or more sample means by analyzing interactions between and among the variances of the multiple groups?
Which test allows for comparison among three or more sample means by analyzing interactions between and among the variances of the multiple groups?
As part of a research methods course, a dental hygiene student, following appropriate research protocol, decides to screen all allied health students on campus to determine how many have influenza in September, this is the prevalence. The student then monitors the same population to determine how many new cases of students became ill with influenza during the three months of the fall semester, this is the incidence.
As part of a research methods course, a dental hygiene student, following appropriate research protocol, decides to screen all allied health students on campus to determine how many have influenza in September, this is the prevalence. The student then monitors the same population to determine how many new cases of students became ill with influenza during the three months of the fall semester, this is the incidence.
What is the mean of the following values: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5?
What is the mean of the following values: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5?
What is the median of the following values: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5?
What is the median of the following values: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5?
This refers to a relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically:
This refers to a relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically:
What is a detailed plan of study that is submitted for approval prior to the start of research?
What is a detailed plan of study that is submitted for approval prior to the start of research?
When conducting research in a university setting, what group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of a research study prior to the start of the research?
When conducting research in a university setting, what group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of a research study prior to the start of the research?
Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variable and has the highest level of evidence?
Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variable and has the highest level of evidence?
__________ statistics simply provide numerical value to describe and summarize your data.
__________ statistics simply provide numerical value to describe and summarize your data.
____________ statistics are utilized for analysis of data to make inferences about a larger population from the sample data.
____________ statistics are utilized for analysis of data to make inferences about a larger population from the sample data.
In the scientific community, if a p-value is equal to or less than this, the finding is said to have statistical significance.
In the scientific community, if a p-value is equal to or less than this, the finding is said to have statistical significance.
A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a _______.
A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a _______.
What type of study has two groups, one with disease and one without (control) and groups are compared to identify factors in their history that can be associated with the disease/condition? It is a retrospective study.
What type of study has two groups, one with disease and one without (control) and groups are compared to identify factors in their history that can be associated with the disease/condition? It is a retrospective study.
A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed:
A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed:
What type of research studies/observes the same population over an extended period of time?
What type of research studies/observes the same population over an extended period of time?
What is the DMFT score and mean DMFT score for the entire class? (Score/Mean Score)
What is the DMFT score and mean DMFT score for the entire class? (Score/Mean Score)
What is the DMFT score AND the mean DMFT score of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above (Score/Mean Score)?
What is the DMFT score AND the mean DMFT score of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above (Score/Mean Score)?
What is the median of the DMFT scores of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above?
What is the median of the DMFT scores of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above?
What is the mode of the DMFT scores of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above?
What is the mode of the DMFT scores of the random sample of the 5 students listed in the table above?
The current amount of untreated caries listed for this population at the time of the examination is known as the:
The current amount of untreated caries listed for this population at the time of the examination is known as the:
Following calibration, the findings by both public health dental hygienists produce the same clinical findings within the sample. This is an example of:
Following calibration, the findings by both public health dental hygienists produce the same clinical findings within the sample. This is an example of:
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Study Notes
Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis
- Confidence intervals are used to estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic.
- The formulation of a research hypothesis is the initial step in a research study.
- A null hypothesis assumes no statistically significant difference among groups.
- In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the population falls within one standard deviation from the mean.
- Random sampling prevents selection bias by ensuring every member has an equal chance of being included.
Data Types and Measurement Scales
- Cancer staging for tumors uses the ordinal scale of measurement.
- Correlation indicates a positive or negative relationship between variables.
- Discrete data are qualitative in nature, whereas continuous data are quantitative.
- Perfect positive and negative correlations are represented by +1.0 and -1.0, respectively.
- The most powerful scale of measurement is the ratio scale.
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation
- The mean is the average score, while the median is the middle score of a distribution.
- A t-test is primarily used to analyze differences between two means.
- The P-value indicates the likelihood of a study leading to a false conclusion; significance is established at p ≤ 0.05.
- Descriptive statistics summarize data mathematically, while inferential statistics make inferences about a larger population based on sample data.
Study Design and Ethical Considerations
- Experimental studies manipulate variables to investigate cause-and-effect relationships.
- An institutional review board reviews ethical implications of research studies before commencement.
- Double-blind studies ensure neither participants nor researchers know who receives the treatment or placebo, reducing bias.
Research Concepts and Public Health
- Prevalence refers to the total number of cases within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to new cases within a given period.
- The mode represents the most frequently occurring score in a set.
- Interrater reliability indicates consistency between different researchers' observations.
Special Research Scenarios
- In conducting research on high school students, a dental hygienist assesses oral health using the DMFT index, with results showing a total DMFT of 160 for the class of students.
- A mean DMFT score of 8 indicates overall dental health conditions for the class.
- Median and mode DMFT scores highlight dental health disparities among students.
- Early childhood caries is a significant public health issue in the examined population, tied closely to socioeconomic factors and access to care.### Client Data and Dental Needs
- High DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) scores indicate a significant dental care need in the target population.
- A client with a DMFT score of 17 suggests extensive oral health issues, underscoring the necessity for dental services.
State Health Department Survey
- A statewide screening survey targets the oral health of preschool and elementary children.
- The survey instrument is from the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD).
- Random selection of schools ensures a diverse representation of the target population.
- Ten trained dental hygienists conduct standardized screenings, enhancing the reliability of the results.
- A smaller preparatory study helps validate the approach of the larger survey.
Survey Results Analysis
- The screening survey aims to reveal the prevalence of untreated dental decay among children.
- Understanding prevalence helps in assessing the overall health needs and planning appropriate interventions.
Goals and Objectives
- Defined program goals and objectives arise from the assessment findings to address identified issues.
- Both statements regarding program development during planning are true.
Study Types and Methodologies
- The survey of dental fluorosis among 7th graders represents a cross-sectional study due to its observational nature.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis constitute the most credible sources for understanding systemic effects related to dental materials.
- Randomized clinical trials are considered the gold standard for experimental research, indicating strong scientific rigor.
Evidence-Based Practice
- Evidence-based care excludes practices lacking scientific foundations, such as merely using instrumentation without research backing.
- Strong positive correlation in research is represented by values approaching +1, indicating a direct relationship.
Education and Outreach Challenges
- Large groups may hinder effective education dissemination without appropriate technology to enhance visibility and engagement.
Measurement Scales
- The ratio scale is the most complex type of measurement, allowing for a comprehensive range of data analysis.
Hypothesis Statements
- Research hypotheses posit predictions in positive terms, while null hypotheses articulate negative assertions regarding those predictions.
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