Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following disasters is an example of potential dangers in the built environment?
Which of the following disasters is an example of potential dangers in the built environment?
Socio-economic and cultural factors have a minor influence on health outcomes.
Socio-economic and cultural factors have a minor influence on health outcomes.
False
What are the three important transitions that affect a population's health over time?
What are the three important transitions that affect a population's health over time?
demographic transition, epidemiological transition, nutrition transition
As countries develop, people often shift from diets that are poorly balanced to diets that tend to be________.
As countries develop, people often shift from diets that are poorly balanced to diets that tend to be________.
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Match the following types of transitions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of transitions with their descriptions:
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What factor does socio-economic status NOT influence?
What factor does socio-economic status NOT influence?
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Vaccinations are a determinant of health that can affect disease survival.
Vaccinations are a determinant of health that can affect disease survival.
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What happens to childhood death rates during the demographic transition?
What happens to childhood death rates during the demographic transition?
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Which public health figure is known as the father of epidemiology?
Which public health figure is known as the father of epidemiology?
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The hygiene movement began in the early 1900s in Europe.
The hygiene movement began in the early 1900s in Europe.
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What does the acronym BIG GEMS stand for?
What does the acronym BIG GEMS stand for?
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Edwin Chadwick's work emphasized the importance of ______ in public health.
Edwin Chadwick's work emphasized the importance of ______ in public health.
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Match each public health era with its corresponding focus:
Match each public health era with its corresponding focus:
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What significant discovery by Louis Pasteur contributed to germ theory?
What significant discovery by Louis Pasteur contributed to germ theory?
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Population health focuses exclusively on traditional public health methods.
Population health focuses exclusively on traditional public health methods.
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What is one example of a traditional public health intervention?
What is one example of a traditional public health intervention?
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The Great Society aimed to eliminate poverty and ______ injustice.
The Great Society aimed to eliminate poverty and ______ injustice.
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Match the following components of population health:
Match the following components of population health:
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What movement began in the mid-1800s aiming to improve public awareness of health?
What movement began in the mid-1800s aiming to improve public awareness of health?
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Health care systems and social policy interventions are distinct and unrelated elements in population health.
Health care systems and social policy interventions are distinct and unrelated elements in population health.
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What is the current focus of population health?
What is the current focus of population health?
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What is the World Health Organization's definition of health?
What is the World Health Organization's definition of health?
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Public health solely focuses on disease prevention.
Public health solely focuses on disease prevention.
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What are two examples of how public health affects everyday life?
What are two examples of how public health affects everyday life?
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The approach to public health that examines a complete range of health determinants is called the ______ approach.
The approach to public health that examines a complete range of health determinants is called the ______ approach.
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Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
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Which of the following factors has NOT traditionally been included in the definition of public health?
Which of the following factors has NOT traditionally been included in the definition of public health?
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The population health approach only deals with health promotion.
The population health approach only deals with health promotion.
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What does the term 'upstream' refer to in public health?
What does the term 'upstream' refer to in public health?
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What has contributed to the shift in definitions of communities?
What has contributed to the shift in definitions of communities?
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Vulnerable populations in low-income countries include primarily high-risk pregnant women and children.
Vulnerable populations in low-income countries include primarily high-risk pregnant women and children.
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What is an example of a high-risk approach in public health?
What is an example of a high-risk approach in public health?
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The approach that aims to reduce risk for everyone in the population is called the ______ approach.
The approach that aims to reduce risk for everyone in the population is called the ______ approach.
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Match the public health approaches with their definitions:
Match the public health approaches with their definitions:
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What is the main focus of the health disparities approach?
What is the main focus of the health disparities approach?
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The United States has universal health insurance.
The United States has universal health insurance.
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Which gene is mentioned as a marker for higher risk of cancer?
Which gene is mentioned as a marker for higher risk of cancer?
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Health care typically involves a ______ delivery between a provider and a patient.
Health care typically involves a ______ delivery between a provider and a patient.
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Match the determinants of health with examples:
Match the determinants of health with examples:
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What is a significant environmental factor influencing health mentioned?
What is a significant environmental factor influencing health mentioned?
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Social interventions have health as their primary goal.
Social interventions have health as their primary goal.
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What are the determinants of health referred to in the mnemonic BIG GEMS?
What are the determinants of health referred to in the mnemonic BIG GEMS?
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The ______ approach includes efforts focused on traditional public health and also on improving the community's health.
The ______ approach includes efforts focused on traditional public health and also on improving the community's health.
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Study Notes
Public Health 101 - Module 1 Study Notes
- Definition of Health: The World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition evolved from simply being free from illness to encompassing well-being.
Public Health Approach
- Population Health Approach: A comprehensive approach to public health that examines environmental, social, and economic factors influencing health. It expands beyond traditional public health, encompassing health care systems and public policies affecting population health. This approach is also referred to as the ecological or sociological approach, with concepts like upstream and downstream determinants.
- Public Health's Role: Public health involves interventions to address all these factors influencing health, including health care delivery systems and health-affecting policies.
- Examples of Public Health in Everyday Life: Students in a video demonstrate how public health influences everyday actions, as exemplified by object selection.
Eras of Public Health
- Ancient Times to Present: Public health has evolved considerably. Religious and cultural practices (like food taboos) often have health implications, early quarantine practices were developed, and the hygiene movement emphasized environmental health improvements in the mid-1800s.
- John Snow: A pioneer in epidemiology, he traced the source of cholera in 1850s London thus impacting public health.
- Edwin Chadwick: Focused on the critical importance of sanitation and population-level health statistics, impacting health records.
- Louis Pasteur: A key figure in the germ theory, leading to discoveries like vaccination and pasteurization that drastically improved disease prevention and treatment.
- 1950s Shift: Focus shifted towards medicine and healthcare systems, with programs like Medicare and Medicaid, although not fully rooted in public health concerns.
- Current Era (1980s-Present): Individual responsibility and behavioral change initiatives are emphasized, coupled with population health and evidence-based systems thinking at the community level.
Population Health
- Definition: A broader concept than traditional public health, encompassing social, economic, and political factors impacting entire populations or community groups responding to health issues.
- Evidence-Based: Decisions are supported by evidence, with examples like the connection between smoking and cancer, demonstrating this aspect.
Population Health & Public Health
- Complementary: Population and public health are not separate, but rather are complementary and supportive. Population health is an opportunity for health systems and agencies to improve population health outcomes.
- IHI Triple Aim: Reflects the population health approach, focusing on optimizing health system performance, improving patient experiences, and reducing per-capita healthcare costs.
Population Health Components
- Interventions-Examples: Public health interventions include health education (e.g., discouraging drug abuse), as well as health care system interventions (e.g., vaccinations, antibiotics). Social policy interventions are those unrelated to health but impacting it indirectly (e.g., food desert reduction, improved education, improved walkability).
Determinants of Disease
- BIG GEMS: A mnemonic remembering the key determinants. These are behavior (actions affecting health), infections (direct causes), genetics (inherited factors), geography (influencing disease risk ), environment (natural and built), medical care (access & quality), and socio-economic/cultural factors (influencing health).
Health Over Time
- Transitions: Populations experience transitions affecting their health. These include demographic transitions(shifts from high to low mortality & fertility), epidemiological transitions (shifts from communicable to non-communicable diseases), and nutrition transitions (shifts from nutrient-poor to processed food diets).
Vulnerable Populations & Approaches
- High-risk approach: Focuses on those with the highest risk of developing a disease (e.g. using warning labels for smokers).
- Improving average approach: Attempts to reduce risks for the entire populace, aiming to bring the average closer to a desired level (e.g., using food labeling to encourage population-wide healthier choices).
- Health disparity approach: Aims to narrow health disparities between various societal groups by addressing the specific needs of vulnerable groups with targeted interventions. (e.g. using community health workers).
- Historical & Current Examples of Populations: Populations that were historically vulnerable (e.g. pregnant women, children) remain so in some areas. Developed countries increasingly focus on vulnerable populations like the frail elderly, uninsured, and those at genetic risk.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of the foundational concepts in Public Health 101. This quiz will cover the definition of health according to the WHO, the population health approach, and the various roles of public health interventions. Get ready to explore the essential elements that shape public health practices.
