Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the main focuses of organization theory in public administration?
What is one of the main focuses of organization theory in public administration?
- Finding ways to eliminate bureaucracy altogether.
- Describing the various forms of organizational structures. (correct)
- Trying to create a unified theory of motivation.
- Developing laws regarding public organizations.
Which characteristic is associated with Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy?
Which characteristic is associated with Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy?
- A clear hierarchy of authority. (correct)
- Flexible organizational roles.
- Informal decision-making processes.
- Emphasis on individual autonomy.
Why is classical organization theory often criticized?
Why is classical organization theory often criticized?
- It fails to account for scientific management.
- It focuses too much on employee motivation.
- It overlooks the importance of technology.
- It ignores the role of human behavior in organizations. (correct)
What is one of the contributions of classical organization theorists?
What is one of the contributions of classical organization theorists?
What initiated the development of the neo-classical school in organization theory?
What initiated the development of the neo-classical school in organization theory?
How do organization theories help in the context of public administration?
How do organization theories help in the context of public administration?
Which of the following best describes the importance of studying various organization theories?
Which of the following best describes the importance of studying various organization theories?
Classical organization theory primarily emphasizes which of the following?
Classical organization theory primarily emphasizes which of the following?
What is a common criticism of the relationship between organization studies and public administration since the 1970s?
What is a common criticism of the relationship between organization studies and public administration since the 1970s?
Which theorist is associated with the foundational ideas of classical organization theory?
Which theorist is associated with the foundational ideas of classical organization theory?
What does the classical organization theory emphasize as a primary goal of organizations?
What does the classical organization theory emphasize as a primary goal of organizations?
Which of the following best describes the meaning of 'bureaucracy' as initially conceived?
Which of the following best describes the meaning of 'bureaucracy' as initially conceived?
What significant influence did the industrial revolution have on classical organization theory?
What significant influence did the industrial revolution have on classical organization theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tenets of classical organization theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tenets of classical organization theory?
What was one major focus of Chester Barnard's contributions to organization theory?
What was one major focus of Chester Barnard's contributions to organization theory?
How has the perception of bureaucracy evolved over time?
How has the perception of bureaucracy evolved over time?
Which theorist sought to identify 'the one best way' to organize work in organizations?
Which theorist sought to identify 'the one best way' to organize work in organizations?
Which of the following theories is NOT identified as part of the nine distinctive schools of thought in organization theory?
Which of the following theories is NOT identified as part of the nine distinctive schools of thought in organization theory?
Which quality has historically been attributed to bureaucracy?
Which quality has historically been attributed to bureaucracy?
Who was known for critiquing the inefficiencies within bureaucratic organizations?
Who was known for critiquing the inefficiencies within bureaucratic organizations?
What does the hierarchical structure of a bureaucracy ensure?
What does the hierarchical structure of a bureaucracy ensure?
Why is employment and promotion based on merit considered important in a bureaucracy?
Why is employment and promotion based on merit considered important in a bureaucracy?
What did Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick contribute to classical organization theory?
What did Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick contribute to classical organization theory?
What is meant by the term 'unity of command' in bureaucratic organizations?
What is meant by the term 'unity of command' in bureaucratic organizations?
What concept is typically associated with Vincent de Gournay regarding bureaucracy?
What concept is typically associated with Vincent de Gournay regarding bureaucracy?
How do impersonal rules increase confidence in a bureaucracy?
How do impersonal rules increase confidence in a bureaucracy?
What role do written files play in a bureaucratic system?
What role do written files play in a bureaucratic system?
What aspect of bureaucracy did Weber believe increased organizational efficiency?
What aspect of bureaucracy did Weber believe increased organizational efficiency?
What does full-time employment in bureaucracy ensure?
What does full-time employment in bureaucracy ensure?
What is a potential problem associated with bureaucratic organizations according to Weber?
What is a potential problem associated with bureaucratic organizations according to Weber?
What is a fundamental principle of bureaucratic employment regarding personal gain?
What is a fundamental principle of bureaucratic employment regarding personal gain?
Why is the idea of 'decisions based on impersonal rules' important in a bureaucracy?
Why is the idea of 'decisions based on impersonal rules' important in a bureaucracy?
What does 'contractual independence' refer to in a bureaucratic context?
What does 'contractual independence' refer to in a bureaucratic context?
What did Weber suggest as a benefit of a bureaucratic organization compared to earlier forms?
What did Weber suggest as a benefit of a bureaucratic organization compared to earlier forms?
What did Weber identify as a necessary condition for specialization of labor to be effective?
What did Weber identify as a necessary condition for specialization of labor to be effective?
In a bureaucratic organization, what is the primary source of authority?
In a bureaucratic organization, what is the primary source of authority?
Which of the following forms of inducement did Barnard believe were likely more effective than monetary rewards?
Which of the following forms of inducement did Barnard believe were likely more effective than monetary rewards?
What was Barnard's perception of the role of workers in an organization?
What was Barnard's perception of the role of workers in an organization?
Robert K. Merton introduced the concept of 'trained incapacity.' What does this concept highlight?
Robert K. Merton introduced the concept of 'trained incapacity.' What does this concept highlight?
Philip Selznick emphasized the importance of which aspect in understanding organizations?
Philip Selznick emphasized the importance of which aspect in understanding organizations?
What does a cooperative system within an organization refer to, according to Selznick?
What does a cooperative system within an organization refer to, according to Selznick?
What is the primary concern that Merton highlighted about bureaucracies?
What is the primary concern that Merton highlighted about bureaucracies?
Selznick’s process of co-optation in organizations is aimed at what?
Selznick’s process of co-optation in organizations is aimed at what?
Which classical organization theorist is known for systematically studying bureaucracy?
Which classical organization theorist is known for systematically studying bureaucracy?
How does Selznick view individuals within an organization?
How does Selznick view individuals within an organization?
What characteristic of bureaucracy has led to negative perceptions among the public?
What characteristic of bureaucracy has led to negative perceptions among the public?
Why does Barnard emphasize good communication systems in organizations?
Why does Barnard emphasize good communication systems in organizations?
What does Selznick's description of organizations adapting through co-optation indicate?
What does Selznick's description of organizations adapting through co-optation indicate?
What is considered a flaw in the bureaucratic structure according to Merton?
What is considered a flaw in the bureaucratic structure according to Merton?
Which aspect did Barnard think executives should manage effectively to harness informal organization?
Which aspect did Barnard think executives should manage effectively to harness informal organization?
Which statement best describes the general perception of public bureaucracy in the 1980s and 1990s?
Which statement best describes the general perception of public bureaucracy in the 1980s and 1990s?
What did Charles Goodsell argue regarding governmental administration in America?
What did Charles Goodsell argue regarding governmental administration in America?
Which of the following scandals notably shaped public perceptions of bureaucracy in Canada?
Which of the following scandals notably shaped public perceptions of bureaucracy in Canada?
According to the passage, what is one reason that negative portrayals of bureaucracy are prevalent?
According to the passage, what is one reason that negative portrayals of bureaucracy are prevalent?
What conclusion regarding bureaucracy did Raadschelders and Vigoda-Gadot arrive at?
What conclusion regarding bureaucracy did Raadschelders and Vigoda-Gadot arrive at?
Which type of authority does Max Weber describe as being legitimized by rules and regulations?
Which type of authority does Max Weber describe as being legitimized by rules and regulations?
What was a common misconception about bureaucracy mentioned in the content?
What was a common misconception about bureaucracy mentioned in the content?
What does the passage imply about bureaucracy's capacity for innovation?
What does the passage imply about bureaucracy's capacity for innovation?
What argument did Johan Olsen make concerning bureaucracy?
What argument did Johan Olsen make concerning bureaucracy?
What event contributed to the perception of wastefulness within Canadian bureaucracy?
What event contributed to the perception of wastefulness within Canadian bureaucracy?
Which of the following statements regarding bureaucratic reforms is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding bureaucratic reforms is accurate?
What aspect of bureaucracy did Charles Goodsell challenge?
What aspect of bureaucracy did Charles Goodsell challenge?
What conclusion regarding problems within bureaucracy is suggested in the content?
What conclusion regarding problems within bureaucracy is suggested in the content?
In Max Weber's classification of authority, which type is based on personal characteristics?
In Max Weber's classification of authority, which type is based on personal characteristics?
What is one reason proposed for the persistence of bureaucracy despite calls for its reduction?
What is one reason proposed for the persistence of bureaucracy despite calls for its reduction?
What did the CSC discover was a significant problem when administering competitive examinations for government positions?
What did the CSC discover was a significant problem when administering competitive examinations for government positions?
Which firm was hired to introduce scientific management into the Canadian federal government?
Which firm was hired to introduce scientific management into the Canadian federal government?
What was one of the key results of Arthur Young & Co.'s involvement with the CSC?
What was one of the key results of Arthur Young & Co.'s involvement with the CSC?
Why might it be more difficult to find the right candidate for administrative jobs compared to specialized positions?
Why might it be more difficult to find the right candidate for administrative jobs compared to specialized positions?
What is a significant characteristic of the current Canadian federal government structure?
What is a significant characteristic of the current Canadian federal government structure?
According to Fayol, which principle emphasizes that employees should receive orders from only one superior?
According to Fayol, which principle emphasizes that employees should receive orders from only one superior?
Which principle suggested by Fayol relates to the need for fair remuneration of personnel?
Which principle suggested by Fayol relates to the need for fair remuneration of personnel?
What aspect of Fayol's principles underscores the importance of clear communication of authority throughout an organization?
What aspect of Fayol's principles underscores the importance of clear communication of authority throughout an organization?
Which factor does Fayol believe is essential for maintaining morale in the workplace?
Which factor does Fayol believe is essential for maintaining morale in the workplace?
In what year did the CSC receive the power to make appointments to positions?
In what year did the CSC receive the power to make appointments to positions?
What is a notable feature of job classifications in the public service?
What is a notable feature of job classifications in the public service?
What aspect of public administration in Canada is still influenced by scientific management principles?
What aspect of public administration in Canada is still influenced by scientific management principles?
What critical function does effective record-keeping fulfill within public administration?
What critical function does effective record-keeping fulfill within public administration?
What organizing principle do most governments typically use?
What organizing principle do most governments typically use?
What acronym did Gulick use to summarize the functions of an executive?
What acronym did Gulick use to summarize the functions of an executive?
Which function is directly responsible for delivering services in an organization?
Which function is directly responsible for delivering services in an organization?
What is the primary role of staff functions in an organization?
What is the primary role of staff functions in an organization?
Which issue often arises in the line-staff relationship?
Which issue often arises in the line-staff relationship?
What distinguishes decentralization from deconcentration?
What distinguishes decentralization from deconcentration?
What does span of control refer to in an organizational context?
What does span of control refer to in an organizational context?
What major challenge do organizations face with line and staff functions?
What major challenge do organizations face with line and staff functions?
How do good organizations distinguish themselves from others, according to the content?
How do good organizations distinguish themselves from others, according to the content?
Which of the following is a consequence of a very narrow span of control?
Which of the following is a consequence of a very narrow span of control?
Which factor is least likely to influence the appropriate span of control?
Which factor is least likely to influence the appropriate span of control?
What did Gulick and Urwick contribute to the understanding of organizational behavior?
What did Gulick and Urwick contribute to the understanding of organizational behavior?
What was one of the effects of the Public Service 2000 initiative regarding span of control?
What was one of the effects of the Public Service 2000 initiative regarding span of control?
What typical examples illustrate line functions in government?
What typical examples illustrate line functions in government?
According to Gulick, what is essential when working from the bottom up in organizational design?
According to Gulick, what is essential when working from the bottom up in organizational design?
Which of the following is a key function of the staff in an organization?
Which of the following is a key function of the staff in an organization?
What adverse effect can a wider span of control have?
What adverse effect can a wider span of control have?
What is one common misconception regarding the roles of staff functions?
What is one common misconception regarding the roles of staff functions?
What does the concept of line-staff structure resemble in practice?
What does the concept of line-staff structure resemble in practice?
Which statement best reflects the challenge of flattening organizational hierarchies?
Which statement best reflects the challenge of flattening organizational hierarchies?
In what context is decentralization particularly important?
In what context is decentralization particularly important?
In regards to organizational design, what are employees ideally grouped by?
In regards to organizational design, what are employees ideally grouped by?
What is a common catchphrase related to span of control from earlier organizational practices?
What is a common catchphrase related to span of control from earlier organizational practices?
What outcome is linked to a high span of control?
What outcome is linked to a high span of control?
Which of the following is not a characteristic described by Gulick for grouping employees?
Which of the following is not a characteristic described by Gulick for grouping employees?
What happens to control at the organizational level with a narrow span of control?
What happens to control at the organizational level with a narrow span of control?
Which factor can significantly affect productivity within an organization?
Which factor can significantly affect productivity within an organization?
Which characteristic affects span of control more at lower organizational levels than at upper levels?
Which characteristic affects span of control more at lower organizational levels than at upper levels?
What is the primary disadvantage of a centralized organizational structure?
What is the primary disadvantage of a centralized organizational structure?
What is the preferable organizational style for programs requiring coordination at the regional level?
What is the preferable organizational style for programs requiring coordination at the regional level?
In what situation is deconcentration by program considered preferable?
In what situation is deconcentration by program considered preferable?
Which theorist is known for discussing the idea of contradictory principles in administration?
Which theorist is known for discussing the idea of contradictory principles in administration?
What is Chester Barnard’s view on the balance between contributions and inducements in an organization?
What is Chester Barnard’s view on the balance between contributions and inducements in an organization?
What major challenge does Simon attribute to the scientific principles of administration?
What major challenge does Simon attribute to the scientific principles of administration?
Why is the neo-classical school of thought significant in the evolution of organization theory?
Why is the neo-classical school of thought significant in the evolution of organization theory?
Which principle suggests that fewer subordinates should report to an administrator to enhance efficiency?
Which principle suggests that fewer subordinates should report to an administrator to enhance efficiency?
What aspect did the neo-classical theorists raise that contributed to later organizational theories?
What aspect did the neo-classical theorists raise that contributed to later organizational theories?
What organizational structure is likely to have a more significant sense of local conditions?
What organizational structure is likely to have a more significant sense of local conditions?
What challenge arises from limited guidance on choosing between contradictory principles according to Simon?
What challenge arises from limited guidance on choosing between contradictory principles according to Simon?
Which of the following describes a significant component of Chester Barnard's theory on organizations?
Which of the following describes a significant component of Chester Barnard's theory on organizations?
Why might an organization prefer centralized administration in certain situations?
Why might an organization prefer centralized administration in certain situations?
Which of the following critiques is associated with the contradictions highlighted by Simon in administration principles?
Which of the following critiques is associated with the contradictions highlighted by Simon in administration principles?
What is a key difference between decentralization and deconcentration?
What is a key difference between decentralization and deconcentration?
What is often retained within the control of the head office in decentralized organizations?
What is often retained within the control of the head office in decentralized organizations?
Why do Canadians often associate decentralization with physical dispersal?
Why do Canadians often associate decentralization with physical dispersal?
What challenge arises from having both head office rules and regional responsiveness?
What challenge arises from having both head office rules and regional responsiveness?
What is a characteristic of geographic decentralization?
What is a characteristic of geographic decentralization?
What does effective decentralization require in large organizations?
What does effective decentralization require in large organizations?
What is one probable advantage of decentralization by place?
What is one probable advantage of decentralization by place?
In which situation would deconcentration predominantly occur?
In which situation would deconcentration predominantly occur?
What must field officials balance according to their responsibilities?
What must field officials balance according to their responsibilities?
How does the structure of decentralization based on purpose impact authority?
How does the structure of decentralization based on purpose impact authority?
What is a common outcome when field officials attempt to adapt head office rules?
What is a common outcome when field officials attempt to adapt head office rules?
Which of the following is NOT a method of decentralization?
Which of the following is NOT a method of decentralization?
What is the impact of a well-implemented decentralization strategy on regional offices?
What is the impact of a well-implemented decentralization strategy on regional offices?
How is regional responsiveness often compromised in decentralized organizations?
How is regional responsiveness often compromised in decentralized organizations?
What did Weber identify as a central challenge for society regarding bureaucracy?
What did Weber identify as a central challenge for society regarding bureaucracy?
Which critique of Weber's bureaucracy emphasizes the human side of organizations?
Which critique of Weber's bureaucracy emphasizes the human side of organizations?
What does excessive adherence to rules in bureaucracy often result in?
What does excessive adherence to rules in bureaucracy often result in?
Which outcome is associated with a hierarchical organization as per the critiques of bureaucracy?
Which outcome is associated with a hierarchical organization as per the critiques of bureaucracy?
What was the primary long-term consequence of employees producing above standard?
What was the primary long-term consequence of employees producing above standard?
What is one of the major criticisms regarding Weber's reliance on professional decision-making?
What is one of the major criticisms regarding Weber's reliance on professional decision-making?
What did Frederick Winslow Taylor believe regarding 'soldiering' in the workplace?
What did Frederick Winslow Taylor believe regarding 'soldiering' in the workplace?
What methodological approach did Taylor use to establish scientific standards?
What methodological approach did Taylor use to establish scientific standards?
Which aspect of bureaucracy did critics say could lead to boredom among workers?
Which aspect of bureaucracy did critics say could lead to boredom among workers?
What is the main purpose of time-and-motion studies according to Taylor?
What is the main purpose of time-and-motion studies according to Taylor?
Taylor identified which factors contributing to worker 'soldiering'?
Taylor identified which factors contributing to worker 'soldiering'?
According to Taylor, what should management focus on to enhance worker productivity?
According to Taylor, what should management focus on to enhance worker productivity?
According to critiques of bureaucracy, which managerial practice might hinder innovation?
According to critiques of bureaucracy, which managerial practice might hinder innovation?
How did Taylor use financial incentives differently than traditional piecework?
How did Taylor use financial incentives differently than traditional piecework?
What consequence can emerge from bureaucracies emphasizing rules as ends?
What consequence can emerge from bureaucracies emphasizing rules as ends?
What concern did some writers have about Taylor’s perspective on workers?
What concern did some writers have about Taylor’s perspective on workers?
Which of the following is a modern trend that challenges the relevance of bureaucracy?
Which of the following is a modern trend that challenges the relevance of bureaucracy?
What key division did Taylor suggest should exist within an organization?
What key division did Taylor suggest should exist within an organization?
What is one consequence of implementing Taylor's ideas regarding work standardization?
What is one consequence of implementing Taylor's ideas regarding work standardization?
What is one of Taylor's objectives regarding production management?
What is one of Taylor's objectives regarding production management?
What issue might arise from strict measurement of employee merit in bureaucratic organizations?
What issue might arise from strict measurement of employee merit in bureaucratic organizations?
What was the main outcome of the establishment of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) in Canada?
What was the main outcome of the establishment of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) in Canada?
Taylor's approach to management primarily emphasized what concept?
Taylor's approach to management primarily emphasized what concept?
What does the term 'red tape' refer to in the context of bureaucracy?
What does the term 'red tape' refer to in the context of bureaucracy?
Which of the following was a criticism of Taylor's methods?
Which of the following was a criticism of Taylor's methods?
What was a significant challenge faced when implementing Taylor's ideas in modern organizations?
What was a significant challenge faced when implementing Taylor's ideas in modern organizations?
What was the primary factor that Taylor rejected in his approach to worker productivity?
What was the primary factor that Taylor rejected in his approach to worker productivity?
In what way did Taylor's methods relate to knowledge-based organizations?
In what way did Taylor's methods relate to knowledge-based organizations?
Flashcards
Organization Theory
Organization Theory
The study of how organizations function, including their structures, cultures, and interactions.
Weber's Ideal-Type Bureaucracy
Weber's Ideal-Type Bureaucracy
A theoretical model of a perfect bureaucracy, characterized by hierarchy, rules, and procedures.
Classical Organization Theory
Classical Organization Theory
A set of principles and practices that emphasize efficiency, specialization, and hierarchical control in organizations.
Neo-Classical School
Neo-Classical School
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Scientific Management
Scientific Management
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Administrative Principles
Administrative Principles
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Human Relations Movement
Human Relations Movement
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Contingency Theory
Contingency Theory
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Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy
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Post-bureaucratic Model
Post-bureaucratic Model
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Legal or Rational Authority
Legal or Rational Authority
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Charismatic Authority
Charismatic Authority
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Traditional Authority
Traditional Authority
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Reinventing Government
Reinventing Government
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Public Scandal
Public Scandal
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Breach of Trust
Breach of Trust
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Bureaucratic Shortcoming
Bureaucratic Shortcoming
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Negative Portrayal of Bureaucracy
Negative Portrayal of Bureaucracy
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Criticisms of Bureaucracy
Criticisms of Bureaucracy
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Defense of Bureaucracy
Defense of Bureaucracy
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Public Perceptions of Bureaucracy
Public Perceptions of Bureaucracy
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Internal Audit
Internal Audit
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Effectiveness
Effectiveness
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Organizations and Goals
Organizations and Goals
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One Best Way to Organize
One Best Way to Organize
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Specialization and Division of Labor
Specialization and Division of Labor
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Rational Economic Principles
Rational Economic Principles
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Origin of "Bureaucracy"
Origin of "Bureaucracy"
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Ambiguous Nature of Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy as Rational Organization
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Bureaucracy as Inefficiency
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Bureaucracy as Rule by Officials
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Bureaucracy and Public Administration
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Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
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Gulick and Urwick's Contributions
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Hierarchical Structure
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Unity of Command
Unity of Command
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Specialization of Labour
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Employment & Promotion Based on Merit
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Full-Time Employment
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Decisions Based on Impersonal Rules
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Importance of Written Files
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Bureaucratic Employment Separate from Private Life
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Obedience to Impersonal Principles
Obedience to Impersonal Principles
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Bureaucracy as a Machine
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Bureaucratic Power Over Elected Officials
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Formal Structure
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Technical Expertise
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Hierarchy of Authority
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Standard Operating Procedures
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Pigeon-holing of the spirit
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Informal systems of authority
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Rules as ends
Rules as ends
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Red Tape
Red Tape
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Ill-informed boss dilemma
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Bureaucracy is outmoded
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Soldiering
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Awkward work arrangements
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Piecework payment
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Taylorism
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Hierarchical overload
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Boredom from specialization
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Measuring merit in a diverse organization
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Time and Motion Study
Time and Motion Study
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One Best Way
One Best Way
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Scientific Selection
Scientific Selection
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Piecework
Piecework
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Higher-Paid Gang
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Yellow Slips
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Merit-Based System
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Merit Principle
Merit Principle
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Civil Service Commission
Civil Service Commission
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Patronage System
Patronage System
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Span of Control
Span of Control
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Narrow Span of Control
Narrow Span of Control
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Wide Span of Control
Wide Span of Control
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Factors Influencing Span of Control
Factors Influencing Span of Control
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Flattening the Hierarchy
Flattening the Hierarchy
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Organization of Duties
Organization of Duties
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Gulick's Four Homogeneity Categories
Gulick's Four Homogeneity Categories
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Limit on Senior Executive Subordinates
Limit on Senior Executive Subordinates
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Practicality of Homogeneity Grouping
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Top-Down and Bottom-Up Design
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Organization by Process
Organization by Process
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Organization by Purpose
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Line Function
Line Function
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Staff Function
Staff Function
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Decentralization
Decentralization
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Deconcentration
Deconcentration
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POSDCORB
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Specialized Record Keeping
Specialized Record Keeping
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Line-Staff Relationship
Line-Staff Relationship
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Service vs. Control in Staff Functions
Service vs. Control in Staff Functions
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Early CSC Challenges
Early CSC Challenges
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CSC's Expanding Power
CSC's Expanding Power
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Scientific Management in Canada
Scientific Management in Canada
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Scientific Matching
Scientific Matching
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Limitations of Scientific Matching
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Enduring Legacy in Canada
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Fayol's Principles of Management
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Fayol's Managerial Functions
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Fayol's Principles in Practice
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Scientific Theory of Organization
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CSC and Merit-Based Hiring
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Scientific Management's Impact on Government
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Arthur Young & Co.'s Reorganization Attempt
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Matching Skills with Jobs
Matching Skills with Jobs
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Fayol's Enduring Legacy
Fayol's Enduring Legacy
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Geographic Decentralization
Geographic Decentralization
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Functional Decentralization
Functional Decentralization
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Balance Between Accountability and Responsiveness
Balance Between Accountability and Responsiveness
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Decentralization By Place
Decentralization By Place
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Decentralization By Purpose
Decentralization By Purpose
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Responsiveness to Regional Needs
Responsiveness to Regional Needs
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Departure from National Objectives
Departure from National Objectives
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Centralized Structure with Single Authority
Centralized Structure with Single Authority
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Decentralized Structure with Multiple Authorities
Decentralized Structure with Multiple Authorities
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Organizational Complexity
Organizational Complexity
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Maintaining Balance Between Centralized Control and Local Responsiveness
Maintaining Balance Between Centralized Control and Local Responsiveness
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Ensuring Compliance and Responsiveness
Ensuring Compliance and Responsiveness
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Knowledge of Local Conditions
Knowledge of Local Conditions
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Deconcentration by program
Deconcentration by program
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Herbert Simon
Herbert Simon
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Proverbs of Administration
Proverbs of Administration
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Minimum Organizational Levels
Minimum Organizational Levels
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Chester Barnard
Chester Barnard
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Inducements
Inducements
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Contributions
Contributions
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Balancing Contributions and Inducements
Balancing Contributions and Inducements
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Influence of Neo-Classical School
Influence of Neo-Classical School
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Trained Incapacity
Trained Incapacity
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Cooperative Systems
Cooperative Systems
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Co-optation
Co-optation
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Non-Rational Dimensions
Non-Rational Dimensions
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Study Notes
Public Administration and Organization Theory
- Organization theory studies various organizational forms (public, private, non-profit) to understand their structure and performance.
- Theories aim to explain organizational behavior and improve service delivery.
- Diverse methodologies, frameworks, and levels of analysis are used in organization theory.
- Organization theories often build upon earlier works and are categorized into schools (e.g., classical, neoclassical).
Classical Organization Theory
- Focuses on formal organizational structure.
- Derived from the Industrial Revolution and fields like engineering and economics.
- Key tenets:
- Organizations exist for production and economic goals.
- One best way to organize exists, found through scientific inquiry.
- Specialization and division of labor maximize production.
- People and organizations act rationally based on economics.
Bureaucracy
- Term coined by Vincent de Gournay (1745), initially used pejoratively.
- Today's understanding often negative: wasteful, rule-bound, inefficient.
- However, bureaucracy remains relevant, efficient for large-scale, complex tasks.
- Important in Canadian public administration.
Max Weber and Bureaucratic Theory
- Weber (1864) systematically studied bureaucracy.
- Three types of authority: traditional, charismatic, legal/rational.
- Bureaucracy associated with legal/rational authority.
- Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy:
- Hierarchical structure (unity of command).
- Specialization of labor.
- Employment based on merit.
- Full-time employment.
- Decisions based on impersonal rules.
- Importance of written files.
- Bureaucratic employment separate from personal life.
- Weber saw bureaucracy as efficient but also its potential for domination and suppression of individual freedoms.
Criticisms of Weber's Model
- Focus on structure over human factors is criticized.
- Rules can become ends in themselves, leading to inefficiency ("red tape").
- Potential for hierarchical issues and conflicts due to expert knowledge mismatch.
- Some argued it's obsolete with changing times and workforce professionalization.
- Limitations in hierarchical structures, specialization, and file management.
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
- Taylor (1856) focused on factory floor efficiency (scientific management).
- Believed in 'soldiering' (workers doing minimal work).
- Introduced time-and-motion study to find "one best way" to perform tasks.
- Emphasized division of duties between management and labor using incentivized performance pay scales.
- Scientific standards based on employee capabilities.
- Focused on optimizing working rhythm and minimizing waste.
- Initial implementation can meet worker resistance due to intense focus on productivity.
Canadian Experience with Bureaucracy
- Early Canadian public service was patronage-based.
- Civil Service Commission (CSC) established (1908) for merit-based appointments.
- Influences of scientific management and Weberian bureaucracy are clear.
- CSC hired Arthur Young & Co. (early 20th Century) for scientific management.
Henri Fayol and General Principles of Management
- Fayol (1841-1925) presented a comprehensive, six-category theory of management:
- technical (production)
- commercial (buying/selling)
- financial (capital)
- security
- accounting
- managerial (planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling, commanding).
- Emphasized division of labor, authority/responsibility, discipline, unity of command and direction, fair remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, esprit de corps.
Gulick and Urwick and Scientific Organization Theory
- Gulick and Urwick focused on organization structure and functions.
- Span of control: number of subordinates to one supervisor.
- Narrow span of control improves control but creates more levels.
- Wider spans reduce levels, but lose close supervision. Factors influencing appropriate span: nature of task, employee training, geographical dispersion, organizational stability.
- Organization of duties: combining homogeneous activities.
- Four classifications to organize employees: purpose, process, people, place.
- Line and staff functions: line directly involved in service, staff supports and advises.
- Decentralization vs. deconcentration: distinguishes between delegating decision-making authority and merely dispersing physical locations.
- Decentralization by place aims for regional responsiveness; deconcentration by program stresses uniform administration.
Neo-Classical Organization Theory
- Challenged the mechanistic view of the classical school.
- Focused on factors like:
- Informal organizational systems
- The non-rational aspects of organizational behavior
- The importance of human interaction, cooperation, and culture.
- Critiques from Herbert Simon, Robert K. Merton, Chester Barnard, and Philip Selznick.
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Description
This quiz delves into the principles of organization theory, examining different organizational forms including public, private, and non-profit. It covers classical organization theory, bureaucracy, and the evolution of organizational structures. Students will explore how these theories inform service delivery and organizational behavior.
