Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the structure of DNA?

  • A single helix
  • A double helix (correct)
  • A triple helix
  • A quadruple helix

What is the main component of DNA?

  • Proteins
  • Sugars
  • Nucleotides (correct)
  • Lipids

Which of the following is NOT necessary for DNA replication?

  • Helicase
  • Primase
  • RNA nucleotide triphosphates (correct)
  • DNA nucleotide triphosphates

Which of the following is NOT part of the DNA replication process?

<p>Transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of replication occurs in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Semi-conservative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code?

<p>A sequence of nucleotides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many codons are there in the genetic code?

<p>64 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during replication?

<p>The parental strands are not degraded (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA primer?

<p>To initiate replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

<p>To unwind the replication fork (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tRNA do?

<p>Translates mRNA into the language of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of tRNA?

<p>To translate mRNA from nucleotides to amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code?

<p>A sequence of nucleotides that specifies the position of an amino acid in a polypeptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code?

<p>A sequence of nucleotides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of replication occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes?

<p>Semi-conservative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of single-strand binding proteins?

<p>To bind to DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of transcription?

<p>To produce mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of elongation during transcription?

<p>Backward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sequence of a gene determine?

<p>The amino acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

<p>To translate mRNA from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code?

<p>A sequence of nucleotides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of modification does pre-mature mRNA undergo?

<p>Polyadenylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate shape of a DNA molecule?

<p>Double helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transcription factors?

<p>To initiate transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of transcription?

<p>From 5' to 3' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during semi-conservative DNA replication?

<p>The parental strands are not degraded (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tRNA?

<p>To translate mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting point of the genetic code?

<p>A fixed starting point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of single-strand binding proteins?

<p>To bind to DNA to promote replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of translation?

<p>From 3' to 5' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

<p>To add a short RNA sequence (primer) at the start of replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of DNA?

<p>A double helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is responsible for initiation of translation?

<p>Activated initiation tRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of modification occurs during pre-mature mRNA processing?

<p>5’ cap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and RNA nucleotide triphosphates?

<p>RNA nucleotide triphosphates are needed for RNA primer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nearly universal genetic code?

<p>A sequence of nucleotides that specifies the position of an amino acid in a polypeptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What binds to DNA to promote replication?

<p>Single-strand binding proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sequence of a gene determine phenotype?

<p>By determining the amino acid that will be attached to the polypeptide chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 5’ cap?

<p>To protect the mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • DNA is a double helix of paired nucleotides.
  • DNA is wound together into a right-handed double helix by two complementary strands.
  • The bases project inward from the sugar-phosphate backbones of each strand.
  • Double stranded DNA can be unwound/denatured when exposed to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
  • Replication occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, as well as within mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • Replication is semi-conservative, meaning that the parental strands are not degraded.
  • DNA polymerases extend DNA by adding nucleotides one at a time.
  • Primase adds a short RNA sequence (primer) at the start of replication.
  • RNA nucleotide triphosphates are needed for RNA primer.
  • DNA nucleotide triphosphates are needed for DNA polymerization.
  • Helicase assists in unwinding at the replication fork (ori).
  • Single-strand binding proteins bind to DNA to promote replication.
  • DNA is transcribed into primary RNA transcripts in eukaryotes.
  • Initiation of transcription occurs at specific sites and is dependent on transcription factors.
  • Elongation of transcription occurs in the opposite direction.
  • Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerase has completed its job.
  • Pre-mature mRNA undergoes three modifications: 5’ cap, methylation, and polyadenylation.
  • After transcription, mature mRNA is ready for translation.
  • The genetic code is the sequence of nucleotides, read 3 at a time, that specifies the position of an amino acid in a polypeptide.
  • There are 64 codons combinations, each specifying a different amino acid.
  • The code is read, starting from a fixed starting point, as a continuous sequence of successive triplet bases.
  • The code is nearly universal, with certain exceptions.
  • The genetic code is similar in most organisms, but has slight differences in the mitochondrial DNA of some organisms.
  • tRNA is a molecule that is specifically responsible for translating mRNA from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids.
  • The sequence of a gene helps to determine a phenotype because it determines the amino acid that will be attached to the polypeptide chain.
  • tRNA interact with protein (amino acids) at one end and mRNA at another loop.
  • Codon/anticodon interaction determines which amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain.
  • Once tRNA is charged, it can join with ribosomes and mRNA.
  • Initiation of translation occurs when ribosome assembles, complexed with mRNA and activated initiation tRNA, correctly positioned at the start codon.

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