Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the structure of DNA?

  • A single helix
  • A double helix (correct)
  • A triple helix
  • A quadruple helix

    • What is the main component of DNA?

  • Proteins
  • Sugars
  • Nucleotides (correct)
  • Lipids

    • Which of the following is NOT necessary for DNA replication?

  • Helicase
  • Primase
  • RNA nucleotide triphosphates (correct)
  • DNA nucleotide triphosphates

    • Which of the following is NOT part of the DNA replication process?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of replication occurs in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Semi-conservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many codons are there in the genetic code?

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during replication?

    <p>The parental strands are not degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA primer?

    <p>To initiate replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tRNA do?

    <p>Translates mRNA into the language of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tRNA?

    <p>To translate mRNA from nucleotides to amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides that specifies the position of an amino acid in a polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of replication occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes?

    <p>Semi-conservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of single-strand binding proteins?

    <p>To bind to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transcription?

    <p>To produce mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of elongation during transcription?

    <p>Backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sequence of a gene determine?

    <p>The amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in translation?

    <p>To translate mRNA from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of modification does pre-mature mRNA undergo?

    <p>Polyadenylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate shape of a DNA molecule?

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors?

    <p>To initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of transcription?

    <p>From 5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during semi-conservative DNA replication?

    <p>The parental strands are not degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA?

    <p>To translate mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting point of the genetic code?

    <p>A fixed starting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of single-strand binding proteins?

    <p>To bind to DNA to promote replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of translation?

    <p>From 3' to 5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>To add a short RNA sequence (primer) at the start of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of DNA?

    <p>A double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is responsible for initiation of translation?

    <p>Activated initiation tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of modification occurs during pre-mature mRNA processing?

    <p>5’ cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between DNA and RNA nucleotide triphosphates?

    <p>RNA nucleotide triphosphates are needed for RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nearly universal genetic code?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides that specifies the position of an amino acid in a polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What binds to DNA to promote replication?

    <p>Single-strand binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sequence of a gene determine phenotype?

    <p>By determining the amino acid that will be attached to the polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 5’ cap?

    <p>To protect the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • DNA is a double helix of paired nucleotides.
    • DNA is wound together into a right-handed double helix by two complementary strands.
    • The bases project inward from the sugar-phosphate backbones of each strand.
    • Double stranded DNA can be unwound/denatured when exposed to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
    • Replication occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, as well as within mitochondria and chloroplasts.
    • Replication is semi-conservative, meaning that the parental strands are not degraded.
    • DNA polymerases extend DNA by adding nucleotides one at a time.
    • Primase adds a short RNA sequence (primer) at the start of replication.
    • RNA nucleotide triphosphates are needed for RNA primer.
    • DNA nucleotide triphosphates are needed for DNA polymerization.
    • Helicase assists in unwinding at the replication fork (ori).
    • Single-strand binding proteins bind to DNA to promote replication.
    • DNA is transcribed into primary RNA transcripts in eukaryotes.
    • Initiation of transcription occurs at specific sites and is dependent on transcription factors.
    • Elongation of transcription occurs in the opposite direction.
    • Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerase has completed its job.
    • Pre-mature mRNA undergoes three modifications: 5’ cap, methylation, and polyadenylation.
    • After transcription, mature mRNA is ready for translation.
    • The genetic code is the sequence of nucleotides, read 3 at a time, that specifies the position of an amino acid in a polypeptide.
    • There are 64 codons combinations, each specifying a different amino acid.
    • The code is read, starting from a fixed starting point, as a continuous sequence of successive triplet bases.
    • The code is nearly universal, with certain exceptions.
    • The genetic code is similar in most organisms, but has slight differences in the mitochondrial DNA of some organisms.
    • tRNA is a molecule that is specifically responsible for translating mRNA from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids.
    • The sequence of a gene helps to determine a phenotype because it determines the amino acid that will be attached to the polypeptide chain.
    • tRNA interact with protein (amino acids) at one end and mRNA at another loop.
    • Codon/anticodon interaction determines which amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain.
    • Once tRNA is charged, it can join with ribosomes and mRNA.
    • Initiation of translation occurs when ribosome assembles, complexed with mRNA and activated initiation tRNA, correctly positioned at the start codon.

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